2019

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/1807/92945

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 45

Selfing and correlated paternity in relation to pollen management in western red cedar seed orchards
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-11-17) Ritland, Kermit; Miscampbell, Allyson; Van Niejenhuis, Annette; Brown, Patti; Russell, John
We used microsatellite genetic markers to evaluate the mating system of western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) under various seed orchard pollen management schemes. We primarily examined whether supplemental mass pollination (SMP) can reduce the observed selfing rates. Pollen blowing and “hooding” were also examined in smaller tests. Only SMP was consistently effective in reducing the selfing rate, from 30% to 20%. The correlation of paternity was quite high (60%–90%) in two of three orchards, and in these two orchards the application of SMP reduced this correlation by about 10% as well. The correlation of paternity is the fraction of full-sibling vs. half-sibling progeny, and unbiased estimates can be obtained with few loci, even single loci, in contrast to other types of paternity analysis. We also find the microsatellite amplicon sizes should be pooled into “bins” of 2–4 nucleotides, owing to unintended errors of assay; otherwise the estimates are biased. This new feature of mating system estimation was incorporated into the computer program MLTR.
An RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis revealing novel insights into fluorine absorption and transportation in the tea plant
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-12-17) Huang, Xin; Wang, Pu; Liu, Siyi; Du, Yaru; Ni, Dejiang; Song, Xiaowei; Chen, Yuqiong
The tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is a species with a high concentration of fluorine in its leaves, especially in the mature leaves. The physiological mechanisms for fluorine absorption and accumulation have been well studied, but the related molecular mechanisms are poorly understood in the tea plant. In this study, transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq following exposure to 16 mg/L of fluorine for 0, 3, 6, and 24 h was performed to identify the candidate genes involved in the transmembrane transportation of fluorine. More than 1.23 billion high-quality reads were generated, and 259.84 million unigenes were assembled de novo, with 518 216 of them being annotated in the seven databases used. Meanwhile, a large number of transporters, transcription factors, and heat-shock proteins with differential expression in response to high levels of fluorine (P ≤ 0.05) were identified. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the uptake of fluorine is related to photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and glutathione metabolism. Further systematic analysis of nitrate and potassium transporter genes revealed that many of these genes regulate fluorine transportation in roots and leaves. Gene expression and fluorine content analysis in different cultivars revealed CsNRT1/PTR 3.1 and CsPT 8 as the key genes regulating the transmembrane transportation of fluorine in the tea plant.
Flood disturbance and shade stress shape the population structure of açaí palm Euterpe precatoria, the most abundant Amazon species
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-11-21) Brum, Heloisa Dantas; Souza, Alexandre F
Euterpe precatoria Mart. is the most abundant plant species in the Amazon basin, and one of the main non-timber forest products on the continent. A thorough understanding of the ecology of this species is needed to support sustainable management initiatives. Resource availability, disturbance regime, and human management are some of the main factors influencing population structure. We described the species’ life stages, evaluated its allometric relationships, and assessed the effects of habitat type (floodplain and upland) and proximity to human settlements on population size distribution in the Central Amazon near the Purus River. The height:diameter ratio increased from Seedlings to Juvenile 2, but decreased from Juvenile 2 to Reproductive 2, indicating changing height investment for any given diameter along these life stages. There was a marked habitat dependency in both the density and population size distribution, with populations in upland forests dominated by juveniles, whereas populations in the floodplains were dominated by reproductive palms. Proximity to human settlements was not related to population structure parameters. Our results suggest that the disturbance regime may have opposite meanings in várzea forests, where it limits recruitment under increased light levels, and in terra firme forests, where it may stimulate recruitment under limited light conditions.
Amino acid composition, protein content and accurate nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor for sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis)
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-10-27) Zhang, Qingfen; Qi, Dongmei; Dong, Xiaobing; Li, Xiaoxia; Cheng, Liqin; Liu, Hui; Chen, Shuangyan; Rajora, Om P.; Li, Xiu-Qing; Liu, Gongshe
Protein content of plants is commonly estimated by multiplying total nitrogen content (Kjeldahl; KN) with a nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25. This method is based on the incorrect assumption that all nitrogen in ammonia/ammonium and organic substances in plants is protein nitrogen, usually resulting in overestimation of protein content. We have examined amino acid composition, amino acid nitrogen, total nitrogen (KN), and actual protein content (AP) determined from amino acid residues in 16 accessions of perennial sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis). We determined a new nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor, kP, as the ratio of AP to KN, and applied this factor to estimate the total protein content (TP) as KN kP. The non-protein nitrogen accounted for 40.5% to 62.4% of the total nitrogen. The average kP value was 3.17 overall, 3.20 in the accessions sampled at the jointing stage and 3.15 in the accessions sampled at the flowering stage. The TP, calculated as KN 3.17, was about half that of crude protein contents calculated as KN 6.25. Our study suggests that the AP-based kP of 3.17 can be used to more accurately estimate the total protein content in sheepgrass.
Influence of protein damage and proteasome gene expression in longevity of recalcitrant Madhuca latifolia Roxb. seeds
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-12-17) Chandra, Jipsi; Dubey, Mahima; Keshavkant, S.
Enhanced cellular damage during desiccation is considered to be one of the key factors limiting vigour and viability of seeds. The uncontrolled accumulation of reactive oxygen species and resultant damaging reactions such as the oxidation of lipids and DNA in desiccating seeds of Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) J. F. Macbr. has already been well characterized. However, hydrolytic and (or) oxidative damage to proteins requires further study. This study investigated the desiccation-induced oxidative damage to proteins and proteolytic systems in recalcitrant M. latifolia seeds during ambient storage. Seeds experienced a significant drop in seed water content [ca. 1.32 to ca. 0.23 g·(g dry mass)−1] during storage resulting in complete loss of viability after 35 days of storage. A considerable decline in total protein content (3.0–3.6 fold) and activity (4.8–13.8 fold) in the gene expressions of proteasome subunits (α, β, and E2) were recorded in the embryonic axis of desiccating M. latifolia seeds. In contrast, increases in the level of protein carbonyls (2.46 fold), hydroperoxides (2.31 fold), malondialdehyde- and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-protein adducts (1.8 and 3.9 fold), and Amadori and Maillard reaction products, along with proteases (14.5–30.4 fold) were observed in desiccating M. latifolia seeds. This study revealed that increased oxidation/modification of proteins and proteasome dysfunction are involved in the deterioration of desiccating M. latifolia seeds.
New perspectives on secretory structures in Clusia (Clusiaceae - Clusiod clade): production of latex or resins?
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-12-12) Alencar, Ana Claudia; Tölke, Elisabeth Dantas; Mayer, Juliana Lischka Sampaio
The Clusioid clade is quite diverse, encompassing the five families Clusiaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Hypericaceae, and Podostemaceae. However, its members have important synapomorphies, such as the presence of xanthones, polyisoprenylated benzophenones, and quinones, as well as schizogenous secretory ducts and cavities, and tenuinucellate ovules. Owing to the milky appearance of the exudate present in ducts of these families (except Bonnetiaceae), many authors have referred to this secretion as latex, while others have preferred to use the term resin. Faced with this confusion about the description of the exudate present in Clusiaceae, the aim of this study was to identify which classes of substances are being produced by those structures in the genus Clusia, compared with other members of Clusiaceae and the Clusioid clade in general. Furthermore, we describe the structure and distribution of the secretory ducts in species of Clusia, as well as a detailed histochemical study. These secretory ducts secrete an exudate of variable composition, but predominantly terpenic. We conclude that Clusia, as well as some representatives of the Clusioid clade, do not have latex but resiniferous secretory ducts.
Effect of light, temperature, salinity and maternal habitat on seed germination of Aeluropus lagopoides (Poaceae): an economically important halophyte of arid Arabian deserts
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-10-27) Bhatt, Arvind; Gairola, Sanjay; Carón, María Mercedes; Santo, Andrea; Murru, Valentina; El-Keblawy, Ali; Mahmoud, Tamer
In this study, salt tolerance during germination of Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. was tested using fresh seeds collected from three different maternal habitats under three thermoperiods and two light regimes. Additionally, we tested the ability of non-germinated seeds that had been exposed to different concentrations of NaCl to recover their germination in distilled water. The results showed a significant effect of seed source, temperature, and salinity, and some of their two- and three-way interactions on final germination and recovery percentage. The seeds from non-saline provenances had the highest percentages for germination (ca. 79%) under the 35/25 °C temperature regime, whereas the lowest percentages for germination (ca. 21%) was recorded for seeds from saline conditions under the 25/15 °C treatment. Additionally, percent germination was significantly lower for the seeds incubated in the saline solutions (100, 200, 400, and 600 mmol/L NaCl) and germinated under colder conditions (15/25 °C), compared with the seeds incubated in non-saline solutions (control group, 0 mmol/L NaCl) and germinated under warmer conditions (35/25 °C). The highest recovery percentage was recorded for seeds of the hyper-saline habitat incubated at 35/25 °C. Thus, seeds maintained their viability despite experiencing a range of saline conditions and were able to germinate upon the arrival of suitable conditions, which can be an adaptation to its saline arid desert habitat.
Mycorrhizal inoculation mitigates damage from an intermediate, but not severe, frost event for a cool-season perennial bunchgrass
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-10-08) Connolly, Brian; Guiden, Peter; Orrock, John
Extreme cold events can damage plant tissues, altering growth and reproduction. Soil fungi may help plants tolerate environmental stressors, but the role these microbes play during episodes of severe cold warrants further examination. Using the bunchgrass Elymus canadensis, we tested how inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi alters plant tolerance to freezing temperatures (tested at -8C and -16C). We found that, regardless of mycorrhizal inoculation, E. canadensis exposed to -16C exhibited greater tissue damage, less tiller growth, and fewer reproductive tillers than plants exposed to control or -8C conditions. Plants exposed to -8C and -16C displayed greater levels of visible damage compared to control plants. Mycorrhizae reduced damaged on tillers in the -8C treatment, but had less effect on tiller damage in control or -16C treatments. Inoculation with AM fungi limited E. canadensis tiller number, but only at the control temperature, suggesting mycorrhizae may impose costs on E. canadensis under benign thermal conditions. Our study demonstrates that extreme temperatures can affect multiple components of E. canadensis growth, and that costs and benefits of AM fungi, where found, depend upon the thermal environment. Our findings reinforce the overarching importance of historically rare, but increasingly common, environmental extremes in shaping the growth of plants.
Continuous monitoring of growth detects photoperiod-dependent oscillations in growth rates in Chlorella vulgaris
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-09-23) Hollis, Lauren; Trick, Charles; Hüner, Norman P.A.
The green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beij. exhibits minimal capacity to adjust exponential growth rates in response to photon flux density (PFD) when monitored on a discontinuous basis. We hypothesized that modulation of maximum growth rates in C. vulgaris by PFD is a photoperiod-dependent phenomenon. The use of the photobioreactors to monitor continuous growth allowed us to detect repetitive daily oscillations in growth which were photoperiod-dependent. The rate of change in optical density (OD735) during the daily light period was two-fold greater in cells grown at 28 °C with a PFD of either 2000 or 150 μmol photons·m−2·s−1 when C. vulgaris was grown under a daily light–dark cycle. Concomitantly, oscillations of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters paralleled the oscillations observed in growth rate. When cultures were shifted from a 12 h photoperiod with low light to continuous light (CL), the growth oscillations disappeared. In contrast, oscillations in the fluorescence parameters persisted even after the shift from a 12 h photoperiod to CL. We suggest that the nocturnal catabolism of starch reserves in conjunction with changes in cellular volume coupled with the diurnal changes in DNA content, as quantified by changes in Vybrant Green fluorescence yield, indicate that these growth oscillations reflect synchronized cellular division in C. vulgaris that is not evident when growth is assayed discontinuously.
Evidence and quantitative evaluation of tensile maturation strain in flax phloem through longitudinal splitting
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-08-31) Alméras, Tancrède; Petrova, Anna; Kozlova, Liudmila; Gril, Joseph; Gorshkova, Tatyana
The stems of flax (Linum usitatissimum L. cv. ‘Mogilevsky’) contain many gelatinous fibers in their phloem. These fibers are important for the mechanical stability of the plant as well as for industrial applications. Gelatinous fibers are known to have a motor function in the xylem of trees and in many plant organs. This function arises from the so-called maturation strain, i.e., the tendency of the gelatinous layer to shrink during fiber maturation, resulting in a state of residual tensile stress. However, the occurrence of tensile maturation strain in flax phloem fibers remains to be demonstrated, and its magnitude has never been evaluated. Here we present a novel method to highlight and quantify this strain. The method consists in splitting a stem segment longitudinally, and measuring the curvature of the half segments through their opening distance. By using a mechanical model, the maturation strain can be calculated from the curvature, the dimensions of the component tissues, and their elastic properties. The model is validated by the agreement between model predictions and observations. The splitting experiment provides qualitative evidence that flax phloem develops tensile stress during maturation, just as xylem gelatinous fibers do. Calculations enable quantitative estimation of the maturation strain. The magnitude of this strain for the material studied is, on average, –1.5%.
Modeling the nonlinear elastic behavior of plant epidermis
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-07-06) Bidhendi, Amir; Li, Hongbo; Geitmann, Anja
Cell growth and organ development in plants are often correlated with the tensile behavior of the primary cell wall. To understand the mechanical behavior of plant material, various mechanical testing techniques have been employed, such as tensile testing of excised tissue samples. The onion (Allium cepa) epidermis has emerged as a model system for plant tissue mechanics. In this study, we performed tensile tests on strips of adaxial onion epidermis. While the tissue appeared stiffer in the direction along the major growth axis compared to the transverse direction, the tensile strength of tissue was not significantly different between the two orientations, indicating a non-trivial link between the cell wall and tissue mechanical anisotropy. Importantly, we observed the stress-strain behavior of the onion epidermis under tension to be highly nonlinear. Several hyperelastic models were fitted to the test data to evaluate their capacity to describe the nonlinear deformation of onion epidermis. Yeoh hyperelastic model could successfully simulate the uniaxial tensile test data. This study suggests that accounting for nonlinearity in the deformation of the primary tissue may be essential for the accurate interpretation of mechanical test data on and a better understanding of the mechanics of the primary plant cell wall.
Deformation of a cell monolayer due to osmotic treatment: a case study of onion scale epidermis
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-06-25) Natonik-Białoń, Sandra; Borowska-Wykręt, Dorota; Mosca, Gabriella; Grelowski, Michał; Wrzalik, Roman; Smith, Richard S; Kwiatkowska, Dorota
We performed a combination of experiments and mechanical simulations to assess the importance of cell geometry and wall structure in tissue and cell mechanics. Osmotic treatments combined with live imaging were used to quantify deformations at the tissue, cellular and sub-cellular levels. We used the adaxial epidermis of onion scale as a model system. We found that the osmotically-induced surface strain in onion is small as outer periclinal walls are thick and stiff, requiring bending stiffness to be considered in our mechanical models. As expected, the mechanical behaviors of the tissue and its component cells are related. Upon changes in internal pressure, cells embedded in the tissue undergo deformation that is different from isolated cells, while the tissue undergoes a somewhat counterintuitive deformation, e.g. shrinking upon pressurization, that depends on cell geometry. At the sub-cellular level, the amount of deformation and its anisotropy vary within walls of individual cells and are affected by the cell shape and vicinity of three-way wall junctions. When the turgor pressure is lost, the protoplast-facing wall surface wrinkles due to buckling, with the pattern of wrinkles depending on the strain anisotropy and the local wall geometry.
Isolation and utilization of cellulosic elements from the plant cell wall
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-08-01) Gray, Derek
Two very different types of cellulosic materials that may be isolated from plant-based sources are here reviewed. We have shown that long helical cellulosic coils may be isolated by gentle chemical treatment of leaf petioles. The coils stem from protoxylem elements and are readily distinguished from other cellulosic components by polarized light microscopy, forming single- or multi-stranded left-handed helices. More widely known are the nanometer thickness cellulosic elements that may also be isolated from plant cell walls. These â nanocellulosesâ can be subdivided into two main families. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are less than 250 nm long and are usually made by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. CNC form stable liquid crystalline suspensions in water that dry to give iridescent coloured films, analogous to those found in some tropical plants. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are much longer, and may have carboxyl groups on the surface. Both CNC and CNF are intrinsically hydrophilic, and form useful aqueous gels and viscosity modifiers. By altering the surface chemistry, the nanocelluloses can also be incorporated as strengthening agents in composite materials. A wide range of commercial applications for these renewable materials has been proposed.
Wind-resilient civil structures: What can we learn from nature
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-08-14) Zhang, Wei; Gruber, Petra
Owing to changing weather patterns, catastrophic natural disasters are expected to happen more frequently and cause dramatic life and economic losses worldwide. The United States experienced a historically high record of weather disasters in 2017, with the economic losses exceeding 300 billion dollars. A major contributor to economic loss and threat to public safety is damage, destruction, and failure of civil structures in the strong-wind dominated disasters. There is a pressing need for reconstruction and redesign of critical civil structures to better cope with high winds to mitigate the loss of lives and properties. This paper takes a biomimetic perspective to link problem areas with potential solutions for future bio-inspired technology development, by identifying the most vulnerable aspects of civil structures in strong winds on one side and wind-resilient examples of biological systems on the other side. Of particular interest are plants that thrive in high winds, as they have likely adapted to manage the harsh environment under pressure of natural selection. Specific biological examples include the Saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantean Britton & Rose), reed grass, and shape reconfiguration of leaves. A review of problem areas, abstracted principles, and exemplary biological role models shall inform and guide towards new designs of wind-resilient civil structures.
Fracture of the dimorphic fruits of Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae)
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-06-08) Arshad, Waheed; Marone, Federica; Collinson, Margaret Elizabeth; Leubner-Metzger, Gerhard; Steinbrecher, Tina
Fruits exhibit highly diversified morphology, and are arguably one of the most highly specialised organs to have evolved in higher plants. Fruits range in morphological, biomechanical, and textural properties, often as adaptations for their respective dispersal strategy. While most plant species possess monomorphic (of a single type) fruit and seeds, here we focus on Aethionema arabicum (L.) Andrz. ex DC. (Brassicaceae). Its production of two distinct fruit (dehiscent and indehiscent) and seed types on the same individual plant provides a unique model system with which to study structural and functional aspects of dimorphism. Using comparative analyses of fruit fracture biomechanics, fracture surface morphology, and internal fruit anatomy, we reveal that the dimorphic fruits of A. arabicum exhibit clear material, morpho-anatomical, and adaptive properties underlying their fracture behaviour. A separation layer along the valve–replum boundary is present in dehiscent fruit, whereas indehiscent fruit have numerous fibres with spiral thickening, linking their winged valves at the adaxial surface. Our study evaluates the biomechanics underlying fruit-opening mechanisms in a heteromorphic plant species. Elucidating dimorphic traits aids our understanding of adaptive biomechanical morphologies that function as a bet-hedging strategy in the context of seed and fruit dispersal within spatially and temporally stochastic environments.
Canopy effects on abundance and leaf traits of a spring ephemeral: Erythronium americanum
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-09-01) Greco, Danielle A; Schamp, Brandon; Mercer, Kirstin A
Spring ephemerals take advantage of the high light levels available in the spring by completing the aboveground portion of their lifecycle before the canopy develops and while few other understory plant species are growing. The spring is marked by high resource availability, yet spring ephemerals are variably abundant throughout forests. Research indicates that canopy conditions can influence the growth of spring ephemerals; consequently, we tested whether the variation in canopy conditions predicted variation in the abundance of Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. across 50 forest plots. We also tested whether the specific leaf area (SLA) of E. americanum in plots was predicted by variation in plot-level canopy conditions, reflecting E. americanum‘s ability to adapt to different canopy conditions. The abundance of E. americanum was significantly lower in the plots with greater hard canopy closure (i.e., permanent cover: tree architecture + evergreen leaf cover), and significantly higher under canopies that reached full development earlier. Canopies with greater hard canopy cover at the start of the growing season were associated with significantly higher SLA, quantifying local adaptation by E. americanum to variable canopy conditions. Erythronium americanum takes advantage of the high light levels available in the spring. It is unclear at this time why higher abundance of E. americanum is associated with canopies that close earlier.
Effects of seed age and dormancy-breaking treatments on the viability and germination of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence aster (Symphyotrichum laurentianum)
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-08-27) Kelly, Annika; Lacroix, Christian R.
The Gulf of St. Lawrence aster, Symphyotrichum laurentianum, (Asteraceae) is a threatened halophyte found only in parts of Atlantic Canada, and seeds are being stored in the seed bank located at the University of Prince Edward Island. It is important to assess the quality of the seeds in storage to ensure their usefulness in the conservation of the species. We tested the effects of seed age on the viability and germination potential of seeds currently held in the seed bank and the effect of dormancy-breaking treatments on germination. Seeds produced in six different years were tested using the tetrazolium test and standard germination tests. Our results show high viability for seeds from all years but relatively low germination, with no clear relationship between germinability and seed age, indicating that the potential for these seeds to germinate may depend on other factors. To test the usefulness of dormancy-breaking treatments, seeds were subjected to a cold moist treatment or a hormone treatment of gibberellic acid, kinetin, or a combination of the two. All treatments significantly enhanced germination compared to the control, with the combined treatment of gibberellic acid and kinetin being the most effective in stimulating germination.
Nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of melatonin-induced antioxidant responses in Catharanthus roseus roots under cadmium stress
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-08-27) Nabaei, Masoomeh; Amooaghaie, Rayhaneh
Nitric oxide (NO) and melatonin are two biostimulant molecules in plants that not only modulate the growth and development of plants but also confer enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses. Therefore, in this study, the interactive effects of melatonin and nitric oxide (NO) on seedlings of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don was evaluated under both control and conditions of stress due to Cd. Our results show that both melatonin and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as an NO donor) significantly improved seedling growth, which was associated with the enhanced concentration of photosynthetic pigments in both the control plants and under Cd-stress conditions. Impacts of both melatonin and SNP were more pronounced in the Cd-stressed plants than control seedlings. The Cd stress increased H2O2 and lipid peroxidation levels in roots. Melatonin, as well as SNP, increased endogenous NO concentration in roots. Both melatonin and SNP enhanced the concentration of proline and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, APX, CAT) and lowered H2O2 and lipid peroxidation levels in roots of C. roseus plants under Cd stress. These melatonin-induced responses in the roots were suppressed by 4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO; a specific scavenger of NO), but inhibition of melatonin biosynthesis by p–chlorophenylalanine, could not reverse the protective effects conferred by NO. These outcomes suggest that NO, as a downstream signaling molecule, is implicated in the melatonin-promoted antioxidant responses in roots of C. roseus plants.
Plant trichomes and biomechanics of defense in various systems, with Solanaceae as a model
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-09-14) Bar, Maya; Shtein, Ilana
Plant trichomes are epidermal outgrowths of varying size and form. While the chemical defensive function of the secretory trichomes is well established, the biomechanical function of the non-glandular trichomes emerges as another major defensive strategy of plants. In particular, trichomes impede the locomotion of insect herbivores both by serving as a physical barrier and by wounding them. Solanaceous trichomes are often viewed as a model for the trichome development and defensive function. In particular, trichomes in tomato and relative species have been extensively examined, with different trichome types being precisely described. This review attempts to summarize the knowledge on the trichomal defense and biomechanics, with a special emphasis on Solanaceae species, and suggests several avenues for future research.
Bacillus subtilis-Arabidopsis thaliana: a model interaction system for studying the role of volatile organic compounds in the interchange between plants and bacteria.
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-08-04) Li, Fei; Tang, Min; Tang , Xiaoxin; Sun , Wei; Gong, Jiyi; Yi, Yin
Plant–bacteria interactions are known to play important physiological roles in plant growth. Determining the mechanisms behind these interactions has paramount agricultural and ecological importance. Therefore, it is essential to study Plant–bacteria interactions and determine the relevant molecular mechanisms by using model systems. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding plant–bacteria interactions based on the Arabidopsis thaliana – Bacillus subtilis model system, and highlights future areas for research.

Browse

Recent Submissions