The effects of Land-Use on Tree Health: A Study of Public Trees in the Town of Halton Hills

Abstract

This study looked at the effects of species, DBH and land-use type on tree health condition. Approximately 5000 trees were inventoried in the Town of Halton Hills, Ontario, on 3 different land-use types (parks, facilities and cemeteries). Tree health condition was rated on a scale of 1-5, with 1 being in excellent condition and 5 being dead/death imminent. Results showed significant differences in tree health among species, with most species in good condition (mean condition <2), though Austrian pine and green ash were more vulnerable. Land-use type also significantly affected health, with cemetery trees being in slightly worse condition than those in parks or facilities. Larger DBH classes were linked to lower health condition ratings, suggesting size or age-related stress. Species–land-use interactions indicated maples fared worse in facilities, while thick-barked species, such as oaks and pines, were more resilient in parks. These findings emphasize the importance of species selection, site-specific management, and root and soil protection, in efforts to improve overall tree health status. Recommended practices include root protection, soil mulching, and monitoring soil compaction and nutrients, informing urban forestry strategies to sustain tree health and ecosystem services.