The Black Rock Coatings in Rouyn-Noranda, Québec: Fingerprints of Historical Smelter Emissions and the Local Ore

Abstract

Smelting of base-metal-sulfide rich ore in Rouyn-Noranda, Québec have resulted in the formation of black rock coatings on exposed rocks to a maximum distance of 6 km from the smelter centre. This study has shown that these coatings are excellent mineralogical and chemical fingerprints of smelter emissions, ore types, and elemental partitioning into mineral phases. The black coatings are composed of a silica-rich matrix that formed due to the intense chemical weathering of exposed silicate rocks interacting with acidic meteoric waters. They contain metal-sulfate rich layers along the atmosphere-coating interface (ACI) and rock-coating interface (RCI) formed by the in situ dissolution and precipitation of metal(loid)-bearing phases. Entombed within the silica matrix are spherical particulates and particles composed of Cu- and Zn- bearing Fe-oxides (e.g., spinels), Fe-oxides (e.g., hematite), Pb-silicates (e.g., alamosite), sulfates (anglesite (PbSO4) and minerals of the jarosite group), amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas, Na-feldspar and clinochlore. Concentrations of elements are low in proximity to the smelter but drastically increase around 2 km from the stack, most likely the result of a shadow effect of the smelter. This shadow effect is more pronounced if an element is highly compatible with minerals of the jarosite and spinel groups, and is thus called the smelter-compatibility effect. Elements displaying a high smelter-compatibility effect are Ag, Cu, Se and As whereas elements such as Hg, incompatible with the jarosite and spinel structure, show a low smelter-compatibility effect. High δ