Native prey distribution and migration mediates wolf predation on domestic livestock in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Abstract

Little research has evaluated how the migration and distribution of native prey influence patterns of livestock depredation by large carnivores. Previous research suggests that the presence of native prey can increase depredation rates by attracting predators (Prey Tracking Hypothesis). Alternatively, the absence of native prey may facilitate predation on livestock (Prey Scarcity Hypothesis). In this study, we evaluated support for these competing hypotheses through analysis of four years of cattle (Bos taurus L., 1758) depredation data (n = 39 kills), two years of summer and fall wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758) predation and tracking data (n = 4 wolves), and three years of elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) movement data (n = 70 elk). We used logistic regression to compare the relative influence of landscape features and elk distribution on the risk of livestock depredation in areas with migratory and resident elk. Cattle depredations occurred in habitats with increased encounter rates between wolves and livestock. In resident elk areas, depredation sites were associated with elk distribution, and open roads. In migratory elk areas, depredation sites were associated with wolf dens, streams, and open habitat. Patterns of carnivore-livestock conflicts are complex, and using ungulate distribution data can predict and minimize such instances.