2017
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/1807/75483
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Item Open Access Effects of Early Feeding Time Post-hatch on Growth, Organ Development, and Blood Biochemical Profile in Broiler Chickens(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-12-13) Kang, H. K.; Bang, Han Tae; Kim, Chan Ho; Jeon, Jin Joo; Kim, Hyun Soo; Suh, Sang Won; Hong, Eui Chul; Kim, Sang Ho; Park, Seong BokThe effects of early feeding time on growth performance, organ weight, blood biochemical, and leukocyte profile were investigated in posthatch broiler chickens to 35 d of age. From 7 to 21 d, early feeding (3 h after hatching) had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on body weight gain, and at 14 d, chicks fed 3 and 12 h after hatching were significantly heavier (p < 0.01) than those fed later. At 7 d, feed intake (FI) was significantly higher (p < 0.01) among chicks fed 3 and 12 h after hatching. At 21 d, chicks fed 3 h after hatching showed significantly higher FI (p < 0.01) than those fed later. At 3 d, gizzard weight was significantly heavier (p < 0.05) in chicks fed 24, 36, and 48 h after hatching than in those fed earlier, and small intestinal weight was also significantly higher (p < 0.05). At 35 d of age, alanine aminotransferase was higher (p < 0.01) in chicks fed 36 and 48 h after hatching, and the eosinophil level was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in chicks fed 3, 24, 36, and 48 h after hatching.Item Open Access In situ ruminal digestibility of red-osier dogwood in finishing beef heifers(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-11-21) Gomaa, Walaa; Wei, Lingyun; Mosaad, Gamal Mohamed; Aamer, Hazem; Alexander, Trevor W; Yang, WenZhuAn in situ study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding red osier dogwood (ROD) on ruminal digestion of barley, ROD, and barley silage in beef heifers. Heifers were fed diets that varied by substituting ROD for barley silage at 0%, 3%, 7%, or 10%. Slowly degradable fraction and effective degradability (ED) of ROD crude protein (CP) linearly (P < 0.02) increased with increasing ROD. The ED of CP of barley and barley silage was reduced (P < 0.01) by feeding ROD. These results indicate that feeding ROD potentially reduces ruminal protein degradability, thereby improving protein efficiency.Item Open Access Estimating gas volume from headspace pressure in a batch culture system(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-12-08) Romero-Pérez, Atmir; Beauchemin, KarenTwo in vitro batch culture experiments were conducted to obtain a total of 1811 paired data for headspace gas pressure (GP; PSI) and volume (GV; mL). Data were used to generate and evaluate an equation to estimate GV from GP under our lab conditions (GV = 4.7047GP + 0.0512 GP2).Item Open Access Castor bean cake detoxified with calcium hydroxide in diets for pigs at growing and finishing phases(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-10-26) Gomes da Silva, Taisa Rocha; Pascoal, Leonardo Augusto Fonseca; Costa, Fernando Perazzo; Watanabe, Pedro Henrique; Dantas Martins, Teresinha DomicianoThe present study was aimed to evaluate the use of increasing levels of castor bean cake detoxified with calcium hydroxide in diets for pigs at growing and finishing phases on performance, diet digestibility, weight of digestive organs, carcass traits and economic evaluation. A total of 40 barrows with 44.59 Âą 5.16 kg initial weight were fed diets with 0, 7, 14 and 21% detoxified castor bean cake. Increasing levels detoxified castor bean cake in diets resulted in linear worsening in the average daily gain of the pigs. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy digestibilities were adversely affected by the levels of detoxified castor bean cake. A linear decrease in loin eye area and ham yield was detected depending on detoxified castor bean cake inclusion levels. Although the detoxified castor bean cake had no effect on the assessed economic variables, its use in diets for growing and finishing pigs is not recommended.Item Open Access Evaluation of sensory attributes of Hanwoo Longssimus dorsi muscle and its relationships with intramuscular fat, shear force and environmental factors(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-10-24) GAJAWEERA, CHANDIMA; Chung, Ki Yong; Kwon, Eung Gi; Hwang, In Ho; Cho, Soo Hyun; Lee, Seung HwanWe examined the relationship of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreana) beef sensory attributes with intramuscular fat (IMF), Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and other environmental factors. Samples of 458 beef carcasses including 32 cows, 34 steers, and 392 bulls were analyzed for IMF percentage, WBSF, and important sensory attributes (tenderness, juiciness, and flavour-likeness). Results revealed that steer beef had significantly higher scores for all three sensory attributes than beef from cows and bulls. While juiciness and flavour-likeness differed (p < 0.05) among bulls and cows, they were not associated an effect on tenderness. All sensory attributes and WBSF were correlated (p < 0.001) with IMF; the highest correlation coefficient was for tenderness (0.55) while a negative coefficient (−0.39) was found for WBSF. The influence of IMF level on all three sensory attributes of bull beef significantly increased with IMF level. All sensory attributes of steer and bull beef showed negative relationship (p < 0.01) with WBSF, where highest correlation coefficient (−0.8) found for steer beef tenderness. Furthermore, tenderness and flavour-likeness showed lower ranks for meats slaughtered during the winter season; however, juiciness did not differ (p < 0.05) among seasons.Item Open Access Does the Location of Concentrate Provision Affect Voluntary Visits, and Milk and Milk Component Yield for Cows in an Automated Milking System?(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-12-10) Hare, Koryn; DeVries, Trevor; Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.; Penner, GregEight Holstein cows were used in a cross-over design test whether concentrate allocation in an automated milking system (AMS) affects DMI and milk production. Cows were fed a high-energy partial mixed ration (HE-PMR) with 0.5 kg of AMS concentrate or a low-energy PMR (LE-PMR) with 5.0 kg of AMS concentrate. AMS concentrate intake was greater and PMR intake was reduced for LE-PMR than HE-PMR. Milk, fat, and protein yields were not affected by treatment. In a guided traffic flow barn, providing a PMR with greater energy density increases DMI, but has no effect on milk and milk component yield.Item Open Access Guaranteeing Canadian lamb meat quality using near infrared spectroscopy on intact rack(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-09-28) Juarez, M.; HORCADA, Alberto; Prieto, Nuria; Roberts, Jordan Cyril; Dugan, M. E.R.; Lopez-Campos, Oscar; Uttaro, Bethany; Larsen, Ivy L; Hosford, Susan; Galbraith, Jayson; Aalhus, J. LLamb racks from commercial carcasses were scanned using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The predictions accuracies (R2) for meat quality traits were assessed. Prediction accuracy ranged between 0.40 and 0.94. When predicted values were used to classify meat based on quality, 88.7- 95.2% of samples were correctly classified as quality-guaranteed.Item Open Access Conventional solid fermentation alters mycotoxin contents and microbial diversity analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of a Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated diet(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-11-02) Yang, Lijie; Yang, Zaibin; Yang, Weiren; Li, Huirong; Zhang, Chongyu; Jiang, Shuzhen; Li, XiangmingFusarium mycotoxins, commonly present in corn and its derived products for animals, has caused significant economic impact on swine reproduction in China. The objective of the present study therefore was to evaluate changes in mycotoxin contents and microbial diversity by conventional solid fermentation of a contaminated diet. Three diets were evaluated, as follows: control group, basal diet; test group 1 (25Toxin), basal diet in which corn and corn gluten meal were replaced with 25% mycotoxin-contaminated corn and corn gluten meal, respectively; test group 2 (50Toxin), basal diet in which corn and corn gluten meal were replaced with 50% mycotoxin-contaminated corn and corn gluten meal, respectively. Compound strains were used for solid-state fermentation of the compound feed. Under the present experimental conditions, conventional solid fermentation altered microbial diversity, as demonstrated by high-throughput sequencing of a Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated diet, and the content of ZEA was reduced significantly. However, deleterious effects were also observed with regard to the contents of DON and FUMB1. These results may have implications for animals consuming Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed by conventional solid fermentation.Item Open Access Impact of rare earth element-enriched yeast on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, andfecal microflora in finishing pigs(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-11-15) Cai, Liang; Nyachoti, Charles M.; Kim, I.H.This study was conducted to determine effects of rare earth element-enriched yeast (RY) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and fecal microbial flora in finishing pigs. A total of 100 finishing pigs [(Landrace Ă Yorkshire) Ă Duroc] were used in a 2-phase feeding trial. Pigs were randomly assigned to 5 treatments according to their initial body weight (5 pens per treatment, 2 gilts and 2 barrows per pen). Treatments were: basal diets, free of antibiotics [negative control (NC)]; NC + 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg, respectively, of RY; antibiotics diets, NC + 500 mg/kg of tiamulin [positive control (PC)]. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) increased linearly with increasing level of RY in diets. At the end of the experiment, blood lymphocyte concentration and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and gross energy increased linearly in pigs fed the increasing level of RY in diets. The better ADG, G:F, and fecal Lactobacillus counts were observed in both RY and PC groups compared with the NC group. In conclusion, diets with RY improved growth performance, digestibility, blood lymphocyte counts, and fecal lactobacillus counts in finishing pigs, also, RY may be considered as an alternative to antibiotics.Item Open Access Growth performance and expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism in piglets fed increasing sulphur amino acid to lysine ratio during enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-10-26) Kahindi, Roselyne K; Regassa, Alemu; Htoo, John K; Nyachoti, Charles M.A study was conducted to examine the effect of standardised ileal digestible (SID) sulphur amino acids/lysine ratio (SAA/Lys) on performance and expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 1 and 2 alpha (MAT1α and MAT2α), and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) in piglets challenged with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty five [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] piglets (6.9 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments. The diets were antibiotic free with SID SAA/Lys of 48%, 54%, 60%, 66%, and 72%. Pigs were orally challenged with 6 and 15 mL of ciprofloxacin-resistant ETEC K88+ on days 7 and 10. Blood samples were collected before (BC) and 6, 24, and 48 h after challenge (AC). Body weight gain and feed intake were collected on days 0, 6, and 12 to determine average daily gain (ADG). Gain to feed ratio (G/F) was calculated by dividing ADG by average daily feed intake (ADFI). On day 13, all pigs were euthanized to collect liver and ileal samples to analyse gene expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Pigs fed the diet containing SAA/Lys of 66% had the highest ADG, ADFI, and G/F BC. However, ADG, ADFI, and G/F were similar across all ratios AC. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration at 6 h AC was higher (P < 0.05) than BC and was improved with increasing SAA/Lys. Increasing SAA/Lys quadratically increased (P < 0.01) CTH and MAT1α expression. Ileal expression of CTH and MAT2α were quadratically increased (P < 0.05) with increasing SAA/Lys. In conclusion, SAA/Lys of 60% is suggested to be optimum for piglets to tolerate ETEC pathogenic challenge.Item Open Access Using different levels of glycerine, glucose or sucrose in broiler starter diets to overcome negative effects of delayed feed access on growth performance(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-11-05) Wang, Anhao; Anderson, Derek Martin; Rathgeber, BruceTwo trials were conducted to evaluate the inclusion of glycerine, glucose or sucrose in broiler starter diets to overcome negative effects of delayed feed access. In trial 1, 2160 newly hatched chicks (mixed sexed) were randomly assigned to two feeding programs (immediate vs. 36h delayed feed access). Nine starter diets prepared with crude glycerine, glucose or sucrose fed at 0, 4 or 8% levels, were fed during the first 14 days post hatch. In trial 2, 720 male and 720 female newly hatched chicks were randomly assigned to two feeding programs (immediate vs. 48h delayed feed access). Starter diets fed during the first 14 days of feed access, consisted of a control, 8% glycerine or 8% glucose. In both trials, a common grower and finisher diet were fed during days 14-24 and 25-35 respectively. Body weight and feed consumed were measured on 7, 14, 24 and 35 days. In trial 1, all 8% diet fed birds were heavier compared to the control on day 35 post hatch (2259 vs. 2198 g, PItem Open Access Effect of dietary fermented corn in different nutrient density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ileal microorganisms and fecal noxious gas emission of growing pigs.(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-11-16) Park, Jae Won; Kim, I.H.This study evaluated the efficacy of fermented corn (FC) in growing pig. One hundred twenty-eight growing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc)] with an initial BW of 29.59 ± 1.34 kg were used in a 6-wk experiment. Pigs were assigned into 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of nutrient density (high energy; 3.37 Mcal·kg-1 or low energy; 3.29 Mcal·kg-1) and FC (0 or 20% substitute for corn). Pigs fed diets with FC increased (PItem Open Access Effects of dietary lysine level on the content and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat in late-stage finishing pigs(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-09-25) Wang, Taiji; Crenshaw, Mark A.; Regmi, Naresh; Rude, Brian J.; Hasan, M. Shamimul; Sukumaran, Anuraj T.; Dinh, Thu; Liao, Shengfa F.This study was conducted to investigate how dietary lysine level affects the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition in late-stage finishing pigs. Nine crossbred barrows (94.4 Âą 6.7 kg BW) were randomly allotted to three treatment groups (n = 3). Three corn and soybean-meal based diets were formulated to meet the NRC (2012) requirements for various nutrients except for lysine, whose concentrations were 0.43%, 0.71%, and 0.98% (as-fed basis) for Diets 1 (lysine-deficient), 2 (lysine-adequate), and 3 (lysine-excess), respectively. After 5 weeks of ad libitum access to diets, pigs were harvested and longissimus dorsi samples were collected. The IMF content and FA composition of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that the IMF content of the muscle was increased linearly (PItem Open Access Effects of dietary lysine level on the content and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat in late-stage finishing pigs(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-09-25) Wang, Taiji; Crenshaw, Mark A.; Regmi, Naresh; Rude, Brian J.; Hasan, M. Shamimul; Sukumaran, Anuraj T.; Dinh, Thu; Liao, Shengfa F.This study was conducted to investigate how dietary lysine level affects the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition in late-stage finishing pigs. Nine crossbred barrows (94.4 Âą 6.7 kg BW) were randomly allotted to three treatment groups (n = 3). Three corn and soybean-meal based diets were formulated to meet the NRC (2012) requirements for various nutrients except for lysine, whose concentrations were 0.43%, 0.71%, and 0.98% (as-fed basis) for Diets 1 (lysine-deficient), 2 (lysine-adequate), and 3 (lysine-excess), respectively. After 5 weeks of ad libitum access to diets, pigs were harvested and longissimus dorsi samples were collected. The IMF content and FA composition of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that the IMF content of the muscle was increased linearly (PItem Open Access Producer perceptions of manual and automated milk feeding systems for dairy calves in Canada(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-09-28) Medrano-Galarza, Catalina; LeBlanc, Stephen; Jones-Bitton, Andria; DeVries, Trevor; Rushen, Jeffrey; de Passillé, Anne Marie; Haley, DerekAs part of a cross-sectional survey, Canadian dairy producers were asked a set of questions to: (1) determine factors that influenced them to continue using manual milk feeding (MMF) systems or to switch to automated milk feeders (AMF), and (2) investigate producersâ perceived advantages and disadvantages regarding both feeding systems. A total of 670 responses were received. Among respondents, 16% used AMF and 84% used MMF. The four most frequent factors that producers reported as important in motivating them to switch to AMF were to raise better calves, offer more milk to calves, reduce labor, and improve working conditions. For MMF farms, investment in equipment and group housing facilities, as well as farm size, were the primary reasons reported for their continued use of MMF systems. The principal perceived advantages of having an AMF were that calves are able to express natural behaviors and drink more milk without increased labor input. For MMF systems, the main perceived advantage was related to easier identification of sick calves. Results provide insights into factors affecting the choice of calf feeding methods by dairy producers, and improve understanding of producersâ needs and expectations regarding calf management and adoption of technology.Item Open Access Production and quality of Jiggs bermudagrass forage on Holstein cow milk production and quality parameters under an intermittent grazing system(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-08-18) Brandstetter, Eduardo Valcacer; Costa, Kátia Aparecida de Pinho; da Silva, Marco Antônio Pereira; de Araújo Neto, Francisco Ribeiro; da Silva, Valdevino Rodrigues; Neves, Rodrigo Balduino Soares; de Souza, Wender Ferreira; de Oliveira, Itamar PereiraDairy production plays a fundamental role in the Brazilian economy, and high-quality forage is necessary for ruminants to produce satisfactory milk levels, so the aim of the present study was to evaluate the production and quality of Jiggs bermudagrass and its effects on the production and quality parameters of milk from Holstein cows under an intermittent grazing system throughout the year. The experiment was conducted in a randomized design with the four seasons as treatments was replicated five times. The season had a significant effect on the production and nutritional parameters of Jiggs bermudagrass with the highest total dry matter production observed during summer followed by spring and fall. The neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were significantly higher in winter. The In vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly higher in summer, spring and fall. Jiggs bermudagrass is a promising forage for the enhancement of milk production under intermittent stocking. However, its effects vary seasonally that exerts a greater influence during the winter, even with irrigation, because it directly affects milk production and quality. The correlation results demonstrated the importance of better quality forage for increasing milk production without compromising the levels of milk solids.Item Open Access Comparative analysis of tissue expression and methylation reveal the crucial hypoxia genes in hypoxia resistant animals(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-08-15) Wang, Yong; Luo, Meirong; Jiang, Mingfeng; Lin, Yaqiu; Zhu, JiangjiangTibetan goat and Tibetan sheep are species peculiar to Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau which is the highest plateau in the world, and have high hypoxia resistance to the extremely bad environment. Unlike monogastrics, how the genes change responding to hypoxia in ruminants remains unclear. In the present study, three healthy animals of every breeds, including Tibetan sheep, Tibetan goat, Chuanzhong goat and Small-Tailed Han sheep were selected. The expression of factor inhibiting HIF 1 (FIH-1), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), HIF-3α and erythropoietin (EPO) in various tissues, including heart, liver, lungs, kidney, muscle and brain, were investigated. EPO was observed highly expressed in all the tissues of Tibetan goats and Tibetan sheep compared with low-altitude animals respectively, implied that higher expression of EPO may give the explanation for the hypoxia resistance of plateau animals. Besides, we also cloned the promoters of FIH-1, HIF-1α, HIF-3α and EPO in goats and sheep, analyzed their core regions and CpG islands. Higher methylation rate was observed in HIF-1α, HIF-3α and EPO, while lower methylation rate hit on FIH-1. These data may be beneficial for revealing the response mechanism to hypoxia of plateau animals.Item Open Access Evaluation of Barley Silage with Varying Ruminal In Vitro Fiber Digestibility on Lactation Performance and Chewing Activity of Lactating Dairy Cows in Comparison with Corn Silage(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-07-26) Refat, Basim; Christensen, David; McKinnon, John; Louzada Prates, Luciana; Nair, Jayakrishnan; Beattie, Aaron; Yang, WenZhu; McAllister, Tim Angus; Yu, PeiqiangThere is limited knowledge on the effect of barley silage with different ruminal in vitro NDF digestibility (ivNDFD) on dairy cow performance and chewing activity. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of barley silage varieties selected for varying rates of ivNDFD on lactation performance and chewing activity of high-yield dairy cows in comparison with a new corn silage hybrid. A 4Ă 4 Latin square design was applied in this study with four mid-lactating multiparous Holstein cows. The cows were fed diets containing 49% barley-based concentrate and 51% forage (DM basis). The results show that cows fed corn silage produced more milk (PItem Open Access Intake and Digestibility of Sheep-fed Alfalfa Haylage Supplemented with Corn(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-05-26) Vranić, Marina; Grbeša, Darko; Bošnjak, Krešimir; Mašek, Tomislav; Jareš, DarioThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of dry corn (DC) and fermented corn (FC) supplemented to alfalfa haylage(Medicago sativa L.) (AH) on feed intake, digestibility and N balance in wether sheep. The study consisted of five feeding treatments incorporating AH alone and AH supplemented with 5 or 10 g of DC (DC5 and DC10, respectively) or FC (FC5 and FC10, respectively) kg-1 body weight d-1 to Suffolk wethers. The DC5 and FC5 treatments were higher in acid detergent fibre (ADF) intake (PItem Open Access BY-PRODUCT OF PASSION FRUIT SEED (Passiflora edulis) IN THE DIET OF BROILERS(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-05-30) Zanetti, Leonardo Henrique; Murakami, Alice Eiko; Diaz-Vargas, Mayra; Guerra, Ana Flavia; Ospina-Rojas, Ivan Camilo; Nascimento, Guilherme Rodrigues; Santos, Tatiana Carlesso dos; Pintro, Paula Toshimi MatumotoTwo experiments were performed to determine the chemical composition of by-product of passion fruit seed (BPFS) and to evaluate the performance, blood variables, carcass yield, meat quality and oxidation of broilers fed diets containing increasing levels of BPFS. In experiment 1, a total of 60 21-d-old Cobb male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design, with two treatments (reference feed and test diet) and five replicates of six birds each. Energy content in BPFS was 3,945 kcal kgâ 1 of apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and 10.68 % CP. In experiment 2, a total of 864 1-day-old male Cobb broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments (control, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% BPFS) and six replicates of 24 birds each. Feed conversion linearly worsened (P
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