2020
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/1807/98903
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Item Open Access Translating ‘protein foods’ from the new Canada’s Food Guide to consumers: Knowledge gaps and recommendations(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-05-18) Fernandez, Melissa; Bertolo, Robert F; Duncan, Alison M.; Phillips, Stuart M; Elango, Rajavel; Ma, David W.L.; Desroches, Sophie; Grantham, Andrea; House, James D.The revised version of Canada’s Food Guide, released in January 2019, issued new guidance by combining meat and alternatives with milk and alternatives into a single group called ‘protein foods’ and emphasized selecting plant-based foods from this category more often. Though the changes represent a simple depiction of a healthy plate, the new Food Guide has opened knowledge gaps about ‘protein foods’ and exposed new concerns about the interpretation and implementation of the Food Guide among vulnerable groups, particularly children and the elderly. To address key knowledge and research gaps, nutrition leaders need to reach a consensus on key messages to best inform the development of tools and resources to support practitioners in translating messages to consumers, including foodservice standards. Among consumers, families with young children are a primary target for these resources as they develop their life-long habits to ensure they have the knowledge and skills to select, prepare, and consume nutrient-rich protein foods. The new Food Guide provides an opportunity to address the existing knowledge gaps, develop tools and resources to support health professionals, and design interventions that will help Canadian families choose, prepare, and eat nutrient-rich protein foods. Novelty bullets • An updated Canadian regulatory framework is needed for protein labelling and content/health claims • There are knowledge gaps about protein foods consumption and food literacy needed to optimize nutritional health • Mandatory nutrition policies are needed to safeguard the provision of high-quality ‘protein foods’ across institutions that serve children and older adultsItem Open Access Translating ‘protein foods’ from the new Canada’s Food Guide to consumers: Knowledge gaps and recommendations(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-05-18) Fernandez, Melissa; Bertolo, Robert F; Duncan, Alison M.; Phillips, Stuart M; Elango, Rajavel; Ma, David W.L.; Desroches, Sophie; Grantham, Andrea; House, James D.The revised version of Canada’s Food Guide, released in January 2019, issued new guidance by combining meat and alternatives with milk and alternatives into a single group called ‘protein foods’ and emphasized selecting plant-based foods from this category more often. Though the changes represent a simple depiction of a healthy plate, the new Food Guide has opened knowledge gaps about ‘protein foods’ and exposed new concerns about the interpretation and implementation of the Food Guide among vulnerable groups, particularly children and the elderly. To address key knowledge and research gaps, nutrition leaders need to reach a consensus on key messages to best inform the development of tools and resources to support practitioners in translating messages to consumers, including foodservice standards. Among consumers, families with young children are a primary target for these resources as they develop their life-long habits to ensure they have the knowledge and skills to select, prepare, and consume nutrient-rich protein foods. The new Food Guide provides an opportunity to address the existing knowledge gaps, develop tools and resources to support health professionals, and design interventions that will help Canadian families choose, prepare, and eat nutrient-rich protein foods. Novelty bullets • An updated Canadian regulatory framework is needed for protein labelling and content/health claims • There are knowledge gaps about protein foods consumption and food literacy needed to optimize nutritional health • Mandatory nutrition policies are needed to safeguard the provision of high-quality ‘protein foods’ across institutions that serve children and older adultsItem Open Access Acute effects of hemp protein consumption on glycemic and satiety control: results of two randomized crossover trials(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-12-13) Mollard, Rebecca C.; Johnston, Alie J; Serrano Leon, Alejandra; Wang, Haizhou; Jones, Peter; MacKay, Dylan S.Research investigating hemp protein consumption on glycemic response is limited. The effects of hemp protein consumption on blood glucose (BG), insulin, and satiety compared to soybean protein and a carbohydrate control were examined. Two acute randomized repeated-measures crossover experiments were conducted. In both, participants consumed isocaloric treatments 40g of hemp protein (hemp40), 20g of hemp protein (hemp20), 40g of soybean protein (soy40), 20g of soybean protein (soy20), and a carbohydrate control. In experiments 1 (n=27) and 2 (n=16), appetite and BG were measured before (0-60 min, pre-pizza) and after a pizza meal (80-200 min, post-pizza). In experiment 1, food intake was measured at 60 min by ad libitum meal; in experiment 2 a fixed meal was provided (based on body weight) and insulin was measured pre-pizza and post-pizza. In both experiments, BG response was affected by treatment (pItem Open Access Acute effects of extruded pulse snacks on glycemic response, insulin, appetite, and food intake in healthy young adults in a double blind, randomized crossover trial(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-12-07) Johnston, Alie; Mollard, Rebecca C.; Dandeneau, Dianna; MacKay, Dylan S.; Ames, Nancy; Curran, Julianne; Bouchard, Danielle; Jones, PeterResearch indicates that the post-prandial glycemic benefits of consuming whole pulses are retained when consumed in a mixed meal, pureed, and ground into flours. The glycemic benefits of pulse flours when incorporated into extruded products are unknown. In a randomized, repeated-measures crossover study, adults (n = 26) consumed extruded corn snacks made with the addition of 40% pulse flour from either: whole yellow pea, split yellow pea, green lentil, chickpea, or pinto bean. The control snack was 100% corn. Food intake was measured with an ad libitum meal consumed at 120 min. Blood glucose (BG), insulin and appetite were measured regularly before (pre-meal, 0-120 min) and after (post-meal, 140-200 min) the meal. Pinto bean and chickpea snacks led to lower (pItem Open Access The effects of short-term low energy availability, achieved through diet or exercise, on cognitive function in oral contraceptive users and eumenorrheic women(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-26) Martin, Dan; Papageorgiou, Maria; Colgan, Hannah; Bandelow, Stephan; Greeves, Julie; Tang, Jonathan C. Y.; Fraser, William; Cooper, Simon B.; Sale, Craig; Elliott-Sale, Kirsty JTo date, no research has explored the effects of low energy availability (EA) on cognitive performance using dietary and exercise regimens relevant to athletes. Twenty female participants (10 eumenorrheic, 10 oral contraceptive [OC] users) completed three, 3-day conditions: 1) controlled-balanced EA without exercise (BAL; 45 kcalkgLBM-1day-1), 2) diet-induced low EA without exercise (DIET; 15 kcalkgLBM-1day-1) and 3) exercise-induced low EA (EX; 15 kcalkgLBM-1day-1, including 30 kcalkgLBM-1day-1 treadmill running at 70% V̇O2max). A cognitive test battery was completed before and after each 3-day condition. Mental rotation test accuracy improved in the BAL condition, but there was a decline in accuracy in the EX condition (BAL, +2.5%; EX, -1.4%; P = 0.042, d = 0.85). DIET (+1.3%) was not different to BAL or EX (P > 0.05). All other measures of cognitive performance were not affected by condition (P > 0.05) and OC use did not affect cognitive responses (P > 0.05). Accuracy in the mental rotation test was impaired when low EA was induced through increased exercise energy expenditure. All other aspects of cognition were unaffected by three days of low EA through diet or exercise. OC use did not mediate the effect of low EA on cognition. Novelty bullets • Cognitive function was not affected by 3 days diet-induced low energy availability (EA). • Only spatial awareness was impaired during 3 days exercise-induced low EA. • Reproductive hormones affected spatial awareness independent of EA.Item Open Access The targeting of preschoolers, children, adolescents and adults by the Canadian food and beverage industry on television: A cross-sectional study(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-22) Pinto, Adena; Pauz, Elise; Roy-Gagnon, Marie-Hlne; Dubois, Lise; Potvin Kent, MoniqueUnhealthy food advertising can negatively impact children’s food preferences and nutritional health. In Canada, only companies participating in the self-regulatory Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CAI) commit to limiting unhealthy food advertising to children. We analyzed food advertising from 182 Canadian television stations in 2018. A principal component analysis explored patterns of advertising by 497 food companies and their targeting of preschoolers, children, adolescents, and adults. Chi-square analyses tested differences in the volume of advertising between target age groups by heavily advertising food companies and by CAI-participating and non-participating companies. In 2018, Maple Leaf Foods, Boulangerie St-Mthode, Exceldor Foods, Goodfood Market and Sobeys advertised most frequently during preschooler-programming. General Mills, Kellogg’s, the Topps Company, Parmalat and Post Foods advertised most frequently during child-programming, while Burger King, McDonald’s, General Mills, Kellogg’s and Wendy’s advertised most frequently during adolescent-programming. CAI-participating companies were responsible for over half of the food advertising broadcast during programs targeted to children (55%), while they accounted for less than half of the food advertising aired during programs targeting preschoolers (24%), adolescents (41%) and adults (42%). Statutory food advertising restrictions are needed to limit food companies’ targeting of young people on television in Canada. Novelty: •Advertising from fast food restaurant chains dominated television programming targeted to adolescents in 2018. •Advertising from breakfast cereal, candy, and snack manufacturers dominated television programming targeted at children in 2018. •Over 100 Canadian and transnational companies contravened broadcast restrictions on advertising to preschoolers in 2018.Item Open Access Contemporaneous trajectories of physical activity and screen time in adolescents(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-29) Riglea, Teodora; Dor, Isabelle; O'Loughlin, Jennifer; Belanger, Mathieu; Sylvestre, Marie-PierreAdolescents often report low moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and high screen time. We modeled sex-specific MVPA and screen time trajectories during adolescence and identified contemporaneous patterns of evolution. Data were drawn from two longitudinal investigations. NDIT included 1294 adolescents recruited at age 12-13 who completed questionnaires every 3 months for 5 years. MATCH included 937 participants recruited at age 9-12 who completed questionnaires every 4 months for 7 years. MVPA was measured as the number of days per week being active for at least 5 minutes (NDIT) or 60 minutes (MATCH). In both studies, screen time was measured as the number of hours spent weekly in screen activities. In each study, sex-specific group-based trajectories were modeled separately for MVPA and screen time from grade 7 to 11. Contemporaneous patterns of evolution were examined in mosaic plots. In both studies, five MVPA trajectories were identified in both sexes, and four and five screen time trajectories were identified in boys and girls, respectively. All combinations of MVPA and screen time trajectories were observed. However the contemporaneous patterns of evolution were favorable in 14-31% of participants (i.e., they were members of the stable high MVPA and the lower screen time trajectories). Novelty bullets: • MVPA and screen time trajectories during adolescence and their combinations showed wide variability in two Canadian studies. • Up to 31% of participants showed favorable contemporaneous patterns of evolution in MVPA and screen time. • Using uniform methods for trajectory modeling may increase the potential for replication across studies.Item Open Access High-fat meal increases peripheral blood mononuclear cell pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in African American women.(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-12-11) Pearson, Regis C; Olenick, Alyssa A; Shaker, Nuha; Blankenship, Maire M; Tinius, Rachel A.; Winchester, Lee J.; Oregon, Evie; Maples, Jill MAfrican American (AA) women have elevated predominance of inflammatory diseases concurrent with local inflammation resulting in compromised metabolic function. The purpose of the study was two-fold: 1) to examine the gene and protein expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from AA and Caucasian American (CA) women in response to an acute high-fat meal, and 2) to explore the influence of race (AA vs. CA) on PBMC reactivity. Ten AA and eleven CA women consumed a high-fat meal with baseline and 4 h postprandial venous blood draws. PBMCs were incubated for 3 h then mRNA expression and supernatant protein concentration was used to examine inflammatory profiles. All women had a postprandial increase in IL-8 gene expression, IL-8 protein concentration, and TNF-α protein concentration (PItem Open Access Influence of weather conditions on children's school travel mode and physical activity in three diverse regions of Canada(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-02) Blanchette, Sébastien; Larouche, Richard; Tremblay, Mark S.; Faulkner, Guy; Riazi, Negin A.; Trudeau, FrançoisChildren who engage in active school transportation (AST) have higher levels of physical activity (PA). Climate and weather were shown to influence adults’ daily travel behaviours, but their influence on children’s AST and PA has been less examined. This study examined the influence of weather conditions on children’s AST and overall PA. Children in grades 4 to 6 (N = 1699; age, 10.2 ± 1.0 years) were recruited in schools located in urban, suburban and rural areas, stratified by area-level socioeconomic status, in 3 different regions of Canada (Trois-Rivières, Québec; Ottawa, Ontario; Vancouver, British Columbia). Mode of school travel was self-reported and physical activity was measured using a pedometer. We used publicly available data on total precipitation and early morning temperature. AST increased with temperature only among girls. Daily precipitation was negatively associated with boys’ and girls’ PA while warmer temperature was associated with increased PA on weekend days. We also observed that season and region moderated the relationship between weather conditions and children’s physical activity behaviours. Our results suggest that daily weather variations influence children’s AST and PA to a greater extent than seasonal variations. Interventions designed to help children and families adapt to weather-related barriers to AST and PA are needed. Novelty: •In Canada, weather conditions may influence children’s active behaviours daily. •Associations between weather conditions, choice of travel mode and physical activity vary by sex, season, and region. •Weather affects children's PA differently during the week than on weekends.Item Open Access Leucine metabolites do not induce changes in phase angle, bioimpedance vector analysis patterns, and strength in resistance trained men(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-12-06) Campa, Francesco; Matias, Catarina N.; Teixeira, Filipe J.; Reis, Joana F.; Valamatos, Maria Joo; Toselli, Stefania; Monteiro, Cristina P.We aimed to assess the effects of off-the-shelf leucine metabolite supplements on phase angle (PhA), bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns and strength during an 8-week resistance training protocol. Fifty-three male participants were allocated into 4 groups: α-hydroxyisocaproic acid ([α-HICA], n=12, age=30.99.3 yr), β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid ([HMB-FA], n =12 , age=31.09.3 yr), calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate ([HMB-Ca], n=15, age=32.15.2 yr) or placebo ([PLA]; n=14, age=28.96.6 yr). Bioimpedance parameters and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for back squat and bench press were assessed at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Additionally, fat-free mass and fat mass were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. No statistically group by time interactions were found, even adjusting for age. PhA and vector did not change over the training period, while time-dependent increases were observed for 1RM back squat and 1RM bench press. A direct association was observed between PhA and 1RM bench press changes (whole sample), while PhA and strength were correlated throughout the study, even when adjusting for fat-free mass and percentage of fat mass. Leucine metabolites have no effect on PhA, BIVA patterns or strength during an 8-week resistance training program, in resistance trained subjects. The trial was registered at clincicaltrials.gov: NCT03511092. Novelty: • Supplementation with leucine metabolites is not a supplementation strategy that improves bioelectrical phase angle, cellular health, and strength after an 8-week resistance training program. • When consuming a high protein diet, none of the α-hydroxyisocaproic acid, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid, and calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate metabolites resulted in an ergogenic effect in resistance trained men.Item Open Access Neuromuscular fatigue of the elbow flexors during repeated maximal arm cycling sprints: The effects of forearm position(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-24) Lockyer, Evan J; Buckle, Natasha C.M.; Collins, Brandon W.; Button, Duane C.Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) is often used to induce neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). It is currently not known whether NMF is influenced by different forearm positions during arm cycling RSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a pronated versus supinated forearm position on elbow flexor NMF during arm cycling RSE. Participants (n=12) completed ten, 10-s maximal arm cycling sprints interspersed by 60s of rest on two separate days using either a pronated or supinated forearm position. All sprints were performed on an arm cycle ergometer in a reverse direction. Prior to and following RSE, NMF measurements (i.e., maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), potentiated twitch (PT), electromyography median frequencies) were recorded. Sprint performance measures, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain were also recorded. Irrespective of forearm position, sprint performance decreased as sprint number increased. These decreases were accompanied by significant increases in RPE (pItem Open Access Validity of a Three-Dimensional Body Scanner: Comparison Against a 4-Compartment Model and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-30) Cabre, Hannah E.; Blue, Malia N.M.; Hirsch, Katie R.; Brewer, Gabrielle J; Gould, Lacey Marie; Nelson, Alyson G; Smith-Ryan, Abbie E.Three-dimensional (3D) body scanner technology for body composition assessment is expanding. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a 3D body scanner. 194 participants (43% male; Age: 23.525.47 yrs; BMI: 23.983.24 kgm-2) were measured using 3D scanner and a 4-compartment (4C) model utilizing DXA, air displacement plethysmography, and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Dependent t-tests, validity statistics including total error (TE), standard error of the estimate (SEE), constant error, and Bland-Altman analyses were utilized. Compared to 4C, 3D scanner FM [mean difference (MD; 3D- 4C): 2.66 kg3.32 kg] and %BF (MD: 4.13%5.36%) were significantly (pItem Open Access Psychometric properties and construct validity of PLAYself: a self-reported measure of physical literacy for children and youth(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-12-02) Jefferies, Philip; Bremer, Emily; Kozera, Tanya; Cairney, John; Kriellaars, DeanPLAYself is a tool designed for self-description of physical literacy in children and youth. We examined the tool using both the Rasch model and Classical Test Theory to explore its psychometric properties. A random selection of 300 children aged 8-14 (47.3% female) from a dataset of 8,513 Canadian children were involved in the Rasch analysis. The three subscales of the measure demonstrated good fit to the Rasch model, satisfying requirements of unidimensionality, having good fit statistics (item and person fit residuals =-.17-1.47) and internal reliability (PSI=.70-.82), and a lack of item bias and problematic local dependency. In a separate comparable sample, 297 children also aged 8-14 (53.9% female) completed the PLAYfun, Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ), Physical Activities Measure-Revised (MPAM-R), a physical activity inventory (PLAYinventory), and repeated the PLAYself seven days later. The tests with this sample confirmed test-retest reliability (ICC=.81-.84), and convergent and construct validity consistent with contemporary physical literacy definitions. Overall, the PLAYself demonstrated robust psychometric properties, and is recommended for researchers and practitioners who are interested in assessing self-reported physical literacy. Novelty bullets: • The PLAYself is a self-reported measure of physical literacy • This study validates the measure using the Rasch model and classical test theory • The PLAYself was found to have strong psychometric propertiesItem Open Access Measurement properties of the Physical Literacy Assessment for Youth (PLAY) Tools(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-02) Caldwell, Hilary Ann Toccacelli; Di Cristofaro, Natascja A; Cairney, John; Bray, Steven R; Timmons, Brian W.The Physical Literacy Assessment for Youth (PLAY) Tools are a suite of tools to assess an individual’s physical literacy. The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the PLAY Tools, including inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, validity and the associations between the tools. In this study, 218 children and youth (8.4- to- 13.7-years old) and a parent/ guardian completed the appropriate physical literacy assessments (i.e., PLAYbasic, PLAYfun, PLAYparent and PLAYself) and the Bruiniks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). Inter-rater reliability for PLAYfun was excellent (ICC=0.94). The PLAYbasic, PLAYfun total, running and object control scores, and PLAYparent motor competence domain were higher in males than females, and PLAYfun locomotor skills were lower in males than females (pItem Open Access Aerobic Exercise Improves Postprandial Inflammatory and Hemostatic Markers After a High-Fat Meal: A Randomized Cross-Over Study(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-22) Teixeira, Bruno Costa; Krger, Renata L.; Farinha, Juliano Boufleur; Boeno, Francesco P; Macedo, Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira; Fonseca, Gabriel Alves; Bandinelli, Eliane; Duarte, Marta Maria Medeiros Frescura; Reischak-Oliveira, AlvaroExercise intensity modulates postprandial lipemia. It is still unknown, however, its effect on hemostatic and pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in the postprandial state. Eleven young males perform a 2-day trial on different conditions: (i) REST: rest for 45 min; (ii) MIE: moderate-intensity exercise; and (iii) HIE: heavy-intensity exercise. Experimental conditions were performed in the evening. On the following morning, blood samples were taken in the fasted state (0 h) and at 1, 3, and 5 h after the consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were higher in the HIE vs. MIE trial at 0 and 1 h (pItem Open Access Effect of exercise on sleep and bi-directional associations with accelerometer-assessed physical activity in men with obesity(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-19) Plekhanova, Tatiana; Rowlands, Alex V.; Davies, Melanie; Edwardson, Charlotte L.; Hall, Andrew; Yates, ThomasThis study examined the effect of exercise training on sleep duration and quality and bidirectional day-to-day relationships between physical activity (PA) and sleep. Fourteen inactive men with obesity (49.27.9 years, BMI 34.92.8 kg/m) completed a baseline visit, eight-week aerobic exercise intervention, and one-month post-intervention follow-up. PA and sleep were assessed continuously throughout the study duration using wrist-worn accelerometry. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine associations between PA and sleep. Sleep duration increased from 5.2h at baseline to 6.6h during the intervention period and 6.5h at one-month post-intervention follow-up (pItem Open Access A Patient-Oriented Approach to the Development of a Primary Care Physical Activity Screen for Embedding into Electronic Medical Records(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-08-31) Clark, Rebecca E; Milligan, James; Ashe, Maureen C; Faulkner, Guy; Canfield, Carolyn; Funnell, Larry; Brien, Sheila; Butt, Debra; Mehan, Upender; Samson, Kevin; Pappaioannou, Alexandra; Giangregorio, LoraPhysical activity questionnaires exist, but effective implementation in primary care remains an issue. We sought to develop a physical activity screen (PAS) for electronic medical record (EMR) integration by: 1) identifying healthcare professionals’ (HCPs), patients’ and stakeholders’ barriers to and preferences for physical activity counseling in primary care; and 2) using the information to co-create the PAS. We conducted semi-structured interviews with primary care HCPs, patients and stakeholders, and used content and thematic analyses to inform iterative co-design of the PAS. Interviews with 38 participants (mean age 41 years) resulted in two themes: 1) HCPs are willing to conduct physical activity screening, but acknowledge they don’t do it well; and 2) HCPs have limited opportunity and capacity to discuss physical activity, and need a streamlined process for EMR that goes beyond quantifying physical activity. HCPs, patients and stakeholders co-designed a physical activity screen for integration into the EMR that can be tested for feasibility and effects on HCP behaviour and patients’ physical activity levels. Novelty: • EMR-integration of physical activity screening needs to go beyond just asking about physical activity minutes. • Primary care professionals have variable knowledge and time, and need physical activity counselling prompts and resources. • We co-developed a physical activity EMR tool with patients and primary care providers.Item Open Access Associations between multiple positive health behaviours and cardiometabolic risk using three alternative measures of physical activity: NHANES 2005–2006(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-25) Oftedal, Stina; Aguiar, Elroy J; Duncan, Mitch J.Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the association between clustered cardiometabolic risk (CCMR) and health-behavior indices comprising three different measures of physical activity, screen time, diet and sleep in NHANES 2005-2006. Methods: CCMR was calculated by standardizing and summarizing measures of blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, insulin, high-density lipoprotein and waist circumference to create a Z-score. Three health behavior indices were constructed with a single point allocated to each of the following lower risk behaviors: muscle strengthening activity, healthy eating score, sleep disorder/disruption, sleep duration, screen time and physical activity (self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] (Index Score-SR), accelerometer-measured MVPA (Index Score-MVPA) or accelerometer-measured steps Index Score-Steps). Linear regression models explored associations between index scores and CCMR. Results: In the sample (n=1537, 52% male, aged 45.5 [SE:0.9] years), reporting 0-5 vs. 6 health behaviors using Index Score-SR and Index Score-MVPA, and 0-4 vs. 6 health behaviors using Index Score-Steps, were associated with a significantly higher CCMR. The beta (β [95%CI]) for zero vs. six behaviors were: Index Score-SR (2.86 [2.02, 3.69], Index Score-MVPA (2.41 [1.49, 3.33] and Index Score-Steps (2.41 [1.68, 3.15]). Conclusion: Irrespective of the measure of physical activity, engaging in fewer positive health behaviors was associated with greater CCMR. Novelty bullets • Physical activity, screen time, diet and sleep may exert synergistic/cumulative effects on clustered cardiometabolic risk. • A greater number of positive health behaviors was associated with a lower clustered cardiometabolic risk factor score. • The reduction in cardiometabolic risk was similar irrespective of which physical activity measure was used.Item Open Access Caffeine, exercise physiology, and time-trial performance: no effect of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-03) Glaister, Mark; Chopra, Kiran; Pereira De Sena, Ana; Sternbach, Cassie; Morina, Liridon; Mavrommatis, YiannisThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes on the physiological and ergogenic effects of caffeine. Sixty-six male cyclists were screened for ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes; with 40 taking part subsequently in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Trial 1 was used to establish the V̇O2-power output relationship and V̇O2max. In trials 2 and 3, participants ingested 5 mgkg-1 of caffeine or placebo one hour before completing a submaximal incremental cycling test, followed by a time-trial (~ 30 mins). Relative to placebo, caffeine led to a significant reduction in time to complete the time-trial (caffeine: 29.7 1.8 mins; placebo: 30.8 2.3 mins); but there was no effect of genotype. During submaximal exercise, caffeine reduced mean heart rate by 2.9 3.7 bmin-1, with effects dissipating as exercise intensity increased. Caffeine also significantly reduced perceived exertion by 0.5 0.8, and increased blood lactate by 0.29 0.42 mmolL-1, respiratory exchange ratio by 0.013 0.032, and minute ventilation by 3.1 6.8 Lmin-1. Nonetheless, there were no supplement genotype interactions. In conclusion, caffeine influences physiological responses to submaximal exercise and improves time-trial performance irrespective of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. Novelty •Caffeine affects physiological responses at rest and during submaximal exercise independent of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. •Variability in the effect of caffeine on time-trial performance is not explained by ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes.Item Open Access Protein consumption in Canadian habitual diets: Usual intake, inadequacy, and the contribution of animal- and plant-based foods to nutrient intakes(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-11-17) Auclair, Olivia; Burgos, Sergio A.The 2019 Canada’s Food Guide (CFG) emphasizes consumption of plant protein with implications for protein adequacy and nutrient intakes, yet a baseline with which to compare future dietary trends that may result from its adoption is not available. The objectives were to assess usual protein intake, inadequacy, and the contribution of animal- and plant-based foods to intake of protein and nutrients in Canada. 24-hour dietary recalls from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey – Nutrition were used to assess dietary intake among adults (n = 13 616). The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate usual protein intake and inadequacy. Population ratios were used to determine the contribution of animal- and plant-based foods to intake of protein, nutrients, and energy. Usual protein intake averaged 79.470.70 g/d; inadequacy was highest for females ≥71y (9.762.04%). Top protein contributors were red and processed meat (21.60.55%), poultry and eggs (20.10.81%), cereals, grains, and breads (19.50.31%), and dairy (16.70.38%). Dairy contributed most to calcium (53.40.61%), vitamin D (38.71.01%), but also saturated fat (40.60.69%), whereas cereals, grains, and breads contributed most to iron (46.50.57%) and vegetables and fruit to potassium (320.45%). Given that animal sources contributed overwhelmingly to protein intake in 2015, dietary shifts towards plant protein needed to meet the 2019 CFG recommendations may pose a challenge, particularly for populations most at risk of inadequacy. Novelty: • Older adults and females are most at risk of not meeting protein recommendations. • Animal sources contribute two-thirds of the protein consumed by Canadian adults.