Regis College

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Regis College is the Jesuit Faculty of Theology at the University of Toronto, one of North America's Roman Catholic ecclesiastical faculties. Regis College is part of the Toronto School of Theology, which is affiliated with the University of Toronto and is one of North America's largest theological consortiums. This collection holds the ThD, DMin and ThM theses of Regis College, from Spring 2012 onward.

The requirement for electronic theses began in Spring 2012. All other Doctoral and Masters theses are found at the TST College libraries, and will be archived to TSpace over time.

For authorization to submit your thesis to this collection contact TST Graduate Centre.

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An Action Research Towards Developing Educational Strategies for Filipino Catholics in Response to Call to Action 59
(2023) Lao, Patricia Lourdes Navarra; Reynolds, Thomas; Centre for the Study of Ministry
In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) gave its final report, including 94 Calls to Action. This made the truth and reconciliation process more prominent in Canadian society. One of these calls, the Call to Action 59, urges the church to develop education strategies related to issues brought to the fore by the TRC, specifically colonization and the residential schools. While there has been visible engagement with the TRC from the majority white settler population, there is less from the visible minorities. This thesis project utilizes action research to address this lacuna and explores prospects for the shaping of a social justice program with the Filipino Catholic Community that is culturally relevant. It aims to provide educational resources that are meaningful and relatable to them, given that the history of Filipino immigration in Canada is relatively recent. The data for this project was collected through survey questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions involving Filipino Catholics residing within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Toronto. The findings of this study suggest there is a high level of awareness amongst this Filipino Catholic Community of Indigenous peoples and justice issues, with a lower level of practical engagement in the truth and reconciliation process. Barriers to practical engagement include low socio-economic status, infrequent interactions with Indigenous persons, lack of resonance with mainstream white-centred narratives on reconciliation, membership to the Catholic Church. The colonial experience of Filipinos, which is different from Indigenous peoples in Canada and the settler colonial situation, nuances their response in the truth and reconciliation process. The study also proposes the Filipino cultural values of kapwa and bayanihan as potential foundations of solidarity and relationship-building with Indigenous peoples. In the end, this thesis suggests that Filipino Catholics might engage in reconciliation with Indigenous peoples not merely because of reparation but rather by means of ethical considerations based on the cultural value of kapwa and bayanihan. These findings will be helpful in crafting a suitable educational program intended for Filipino Catholics, in order to enable practical engagements with the work of truth, reconciliation and healing with the Indigenous peoples on Turtle Island.
And in Our Hearts Take up Thy Rest: The Trinitarian Pneumatology of Frederick Crowe, S.J.
(2017-09-25) Eades, Keith Michael Jr; Wilkins, Jeremy; Theology
By the end of his life, Frederick E. Crowe S.J. (1915-2012) was “widely recognized as the world’s foremost Lonergan expert.” Most famous as the inspiration behind ten institutes around the world for promoting the study of Bernard Lonergan (1904-84) and co-editor of the Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan, Crowe also modestly sought to expand his fellow Canadian Jesuit’s thought, especially in matters related to the Holy Spirit. Although Crowe’s 1959 article, “Complacency and Concern in the Thought of St. Thomas,” has long been considered a “classic” and his courses on the Trinity at Regis College in Toronto have been called “legendary,” no serious study of Crowe’s thought has ever been undertaken. And in Our Hearts Take up Thy Rest: The Trinitarian Pneumatology of Frederick Crowe is the first dissertation ever written on Crowe. In the dissertation, I claim that Crowe’s reflections on the Holy Spirit go through three stages with two main transition points. Following Crowe’s work from 1953 to 2000, I argue that Crowe’s development should be organized around three main questions: (1) What is the personal property of the Holy Spirit eternally and in time? (2) How is the mission of the Holy Spirit ordered to the mission of the Son? (3) Can the Holy Spirit, as intersubjective Love, be thought of as the first person in the Trinity? In the final chapter, the three stages of Crowe’s development are presented as a series that is unified by his distinction between two kinds of love: complacency (restful serenity) and concern (restless inclining). Although Crowe’s theory of love itself develops, Crowe always maintained that human love provides an analogy for the Holy Spirit’s eternal procession. While Crowe’s pneumatology evolves in response to perceived shifts in Lonergan’s writings, Crowe’s own concerns about the life of the Church also shaped the way he asks his three pneumatological questions. Noting the influences of Newman and Basil of Caesarea on Crowe, I present Crowe’s pneumatology as rooted in the Trinitarian theology of Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and Bernard Lonergan. Crowe emerges as creatively dedicated to the psychological analogy.
An Application of Ignatian Discernment to the Korean Presbyterian Church Based on the Spiritual Exercises
(2013-12-19) Kim, Yeong Ju Lee ; Lewis, Scott M. ; Pastoral
In this thesis, the necessity of an application of the three key elements of Ignatian discernment – election, obedience, and contemplation – to the Presbyterian doctrine of sanctification contained in Chapter XIII of the Westminster Confession of Faith, a fundamental doctrine of faith in the Korean Presbyterian Church, will be reviewed in a critical and creative manner, with special attention given to influential cultural aspects. This thesis demonstrates the necessity of learning how to apply Ignatian discernment concretely to the Korean Presbyterian Church and to individual Christians in order to enhance their ability to choose and to act through motives of love. A genuinely intimate, loving relationship with God may enable the Korean Presbyterian Church and Christians to recognize their ecclesial duties and roles as a true vocation and self-surrender to God in praise and service.
Becoming God’s Own: A Trinitarian Exploration of Pauline Adoption in Christian Theology
(2024) Paraan, Robbie John Paolo Balagot; Goulding, Gill K.; Theology
Paul uses the metaphor HUIOTHESIA to describe the status of baptized Christians as adopted children of God. While this uniquely Pauline term is borrowed from the Roman legal system, Paul’s Jewish roots inform his use of this simple yet profound theological metaphor. The Christian doctrine of adoption signifies that God—as Father, Son, and Spirit—bestows on the baptized the saving gift of being welcomed into God’s family, drawing Christians to participate in the work of salvation, and allowing them to enjoy the riches of God’s kingdom. The imprint of the Trinity is discernible in the act of adoption: the Father chooses those to be adopted, the Son mediates the grace of divine filiation, and the Holy Spirit testifies to this core reality of being made sons and daughters of God. The theologies of Karl Rahner, Hans Urs von Balthasar, and Pope Francis deepen this Trinitarian exploration of HUIOTHESIA.
Body-Psyche-Mind in the Self-Appropriation of the Subject: Complexifying Lonergan's Acount of Nature and Supernature
(2014-11) McDonald, Mary Josephine; Mongeau, Gilles; Doran, Robert M.; Theology
Body-Psyche-Mind in the Self-Appropriation of the Subject: Complexifying Lonergan’s Account of Nature and Supernature Mary Josephine McDonald Doctor of Theology Regis College and the University of Toronto 2014 Abstract In the opening page of Method in Theology, Bernard Lonergan expresses a concern that theology would understand its role at this important juncture in history—a time when the modern world enters a new realm of meaning, one that represents a shift from classicism to interiority. In order to fulfill its task of mediating “between a cultural matrix and the significance and role of a religion in that matrix,” Lonergan states that theology must understand that it is no longer a “permanent achievement,” but rather “an ongoing process.” In proceeding, therefore, theology must become acquainted with the “framework for collaborative creativity” in the “ongoing process” that Lonergan calls method. In addition, Lonergan emphasizes that “a contemporary method would conceive those tasks in the context of modern science, modern scholarship, modern philosophy....” This thesis has sought to “collaborate creatively” with “modern science” in order that both theology and the cultural context might be mutually enriched. By drawing on the insights of the science of neuroplasticity, this thesis undertakes the methodological task involved in developing an understanding of the bodily aspect of the human person in an interiority analysis. Within the eight functional specialties that Lonergan outlines in a contemporary method of theology, this work performs tasks within Foundations. While inclusive of Foundations, the primary goal of this work is the development of a theological anthropology. Development occurs by bringing to light the significance of the body in a theological anthropology. Lonergan’s question, “What in terms of human consciousness is the transition from the natural to the supernatural?” in “Mission and the Spirit,” along with his articulation of the body-psyche-mind relations in his principle of correspondence in Insight, provide the framework for this development. A developed understanding of the body’s role in the transition from the natural to the supernatural furthers Doran’s work on psychic conversion by including “body data” in the self-appropriation of the unconscious. Such an integration of the organic and psychic spontaneities with conscious operations increases the probability of authentic agency in the unfolding of the Reign of God.
Building Hope in the Cameroonian Church: Constructive Insights from Pastoral Theology
(2024) Younkam Wandji, Pétain Ravel; Schner, Joseph; N/A
In most developing countries like Cameroon where peace is threatened by war, many people are homeless and traumatized. Pastors are among the first persons to whom Christians seek assistance. In some cases, pastors have little or no understanding of pastoral theology and how it can be used to assist parishioners find hope. To assist the pastors, this thesis seeks to find out: how can pastors build hope in parishioners? As a pathway, this thesis explores how Jesus’ redemptive suffering contributes to a theology of hope in the midst of great sufferings. The findings suggest Positive Psychology as means through which each individual explore his/her strengths and talents in the implementation of a pastoral theology of ministry. Pastors should focus on their strengths rather than failures in building hope among their suffering parishioners and encourage them to look up to the cross always to remember this great sacrifice for their salvation.
Can a Child Choose Death? Childist Ethics in Light of Terminal Illness and Euthanasia
(2019-11) Boeré, Robyn; Berkman, John; N/A
In this dissertation, I explore the issue of euthanasia in light of the theological ethics of children. This project begins with a consideration of who children are, since children with life-limiting illness and disability are first and foremost human beings, little people living in the world. I look to theology of children, child ethics, disability and feminist theory, philosophy, theological ethics, and bioethics to form a broader consideration of end-of-life decision-making and child euthanasia in light of what it means for children to be subjects and moral agents. In this dissertation, I argue that that in the same way children do not live a humanity separate from that of adults but are fully human, so too children participate in the same moral worlds as members of human communities even before they are aware that these communities (or morality) exist. In other words, children are moral agents. This agency is grounded in their ability to make meaning, to act, to imitate, to use language creatively, to grasp a plurality of meaning, to reach judgments, to contribute to the meaning of others, and to shape their understanding, grounded in intersubjective subjectivity, and grounded in a particular story: where subjectivity, agency, and wholeness is found in the Trinitarian God in whose image we are made. In light of this, I will argue that children can die a good death, and that they can and should have a voice in their end of life care; we ought to be honest with them and include them in decision-making. They can make real and meaningful choices around death. But to include children as moral agents requires changing how we understand moral agency and personhood, which in turn undermines the liberal, individualistic, autonomous premises of arguments for euthanasia.
Canadian Roman Catholic Young Adults Who Persevered In Faith
(2015) Baldwin, Caroline Maureen; Schner, Joseph; N/A
Abstract Many people involved in young adult ministry in Canada today are asking the question, what are Roman Catholic young adults in Canada saying about faith tradition and religious identity? One hundred and forty-four Roman Catholic young adults, aged 18 to 35, from ten provinces in Canada responded to a questionnaire focused on discovering some insight into this issue. Ten young adults from the hundred and forty-four respondents also took part in interviews while five more participated in a focus group session. The study showed that these Canadian Roman Catholic young adults find the church to be relevant in today’s world and important in their own personal lives. They are happy to be identified as Roman Catholic and see their Catholicism as being a core part of their identity. The majority of these young adults name themselves as practicing Catholics and indicate that the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church have an influence on their lives. They know who they are and what they believe, but they are looking for witnesses of faith, mentors who will journey with them, assist them, and accept them in all their diversity. They are committed to prayer and social justice but choose to express their commitment in a variety of practices and approaches. Their encounters of God are most often mediated through their relationships with others, and community is very important to them. They see themselves as having a purpose and role in the Catholic Church today.
Catholic-Methodist Dialogue: Convergent Understandings of the Ministry of Oversight
(2012-12-19) Mack, John Philip ; O'Gara, Margaret ; Theology
Four decades of ecumenical dialogue between Roman Catholics and Methodists have deepened understandings of the nature of the Church especially in the Mniistry of Oversight. Nine quinquennial reports from the International Commission for Dailogue between Roman Catholics and Methodists serve as the focus for this study of ministerial oversight. Catholics and Methodists share a history of full communion for fifteen centuries. The shared history sees the -three-fold structure of ministerial oversight emerge from within diverse pastoral practices in primitive Christianity. Divergent histories include the post-Reformation rise of John Wesley's Church of England renewal movement and unique ministerial oversight within Methodism. Since the Second Vatican Council, ecumenical dialogue has led the conversation partners to a deeper mutual understanding of the Church as communion, through collegiality and connectionalism, even as divergent practices of ministerial oversight similarly work in service of communion and common pastoral challenges.
Christian Spiritual Direction for Korean Protestant Women: Focusing on God-images
(2014-11) Chun, Joon Bum; Stoeber, Michael; Pastoral
This thesis explores how the practice of Christian spiritual direction of Korean Protestant women affects the way they experience, understand, and imagine God, and the implications of these God-images for other aspects of their life. It is a multiple case study involving five cases of Korean Protestant women who experienced Christian spiritual direction with me as spiritual director. The directees were encouraged to think about and articulate their images of God and to explore how those images were affecting their relationship with God and other facets of their life. Through the analysis of the research data, I was able to test and to validate my assumptions. In this process, the directees came to appreciate more deeply their real images of God as opposed to their professed images of God, which acted to deepen their experience of God. Through this process of discernment, their relationship with God evolved positively. Also, their confidence in God’s love for them increased and their self-relationships transformed positively, including enhanced self-acceptance, self-care, and self-esteem. This also positively affected their attitudes towards others
A Comparative Study of the Jesus Prayer of Hesychasm and Samatha-Vipassanā Meditation: Juxtaposing Christian “Watchfulness” with Buddhist “Mindfulness” in Healing
(2024) Simon, Hajati; Dadosky, John; N/A
The significant growth in the spread of mindfulness meditation and other mindfulness practices over the past few decades has generated excitement and apprehension for many, including Christians. Some Christians desire the physical and mental health benefits of mindfulness yet proceed with caution because of its secularized form and/or Buddhist origins, preferring to find a parallel spiritual practice within Christianity. This thesis presents the Jesus Prayer of Hesychasm of Eastern Christianity as a feasible alternative to mindfulness practices for Christians. It establishes that the essential elements that make up contemporary mindfulness meditation––an embodied spiritual practice with a constant awareness of the object of one’s attention––are present in the Jesus Prayer of Hesychasm, even when the spiritual or faith understandings of the two ancient traditions are incompatible. It also advances the identity of Jesus Christ as the Divine Healer––offering a parallel interpretation of him as the Redemptorist Saviour––and Christianity as a healing religion. For this task, the dissertation will engage the historical-critical and the comparative theology of textual and praxis comparison methodologies to demonstrate that Buddhist samatha (calm/ concentrative) and vipassanā (insight/mindfulness) meditations find counterparts in Eastern Christianity’s hesychia (inner stillness) and nepsis (watchfulness) spiritual exercises before proceeding to discuss the Jesus Prayer, the heart of hesychasm. The significant similarities between hesychia-nepsis and samatha-vipassanā allow scientific research on mindfulness’s health benefits to be a proxy for hesychastic spirituality. The Jesus Prayer of Hesychasm accommodates Christians who prefer an embodied, non-discursive contemplative prayer, especially those who prefer to remain within the framework of purely Christian spiritual exercises. This dissertation also provides constructive comparisons for Christians who feel at home with Buddhist meditation, as they can find a similarity with Buddhist meditative practices in Christian philokalic tradition.
A Comparative Study of Themes in Christian and Buddhist "Mysticism": Evelyn Underhill and D. T. Suzuki
(2023) Kim, Taehoon; Stoeber, Michael; N/A
This dissertation examines comparatively central issues and themes in Christian and Buddhist mystical traditions, with special reference to the works of Evelyn Underhill (1875-1941) and D. T. Suzuki (鈴木大拙貞太郎; 1870-1966). They were contemporaries and pioneering thinkers in constructing modern views of “mysticism,” which is defined generally as intuitive and unitive experiences of ultimate Reality that transform the mystics’ life. Comparative research questions include the nature of: mystical experience, Reality, contemplative disciplines and dynamics, relations between spiritual transformation and morality, and doctrinal foundations and influential figures in contemporary Christian-Zen Buddhist dialogue. The thesis gives special attention to how the two religious traditions are mutually developed and enriched by such comparative study, and its methods include developments from Donald Mitchell, Michael Washburn, and significant New Comparative Theologians. Attention is given to tracing significant shifts of positions between the early and later writings of Underhill and Suzuki, in concluding that this comparison of modern mystical theology and experience offers an open, positive, and mutual comprehension of religious phenomena found in traditions other than Christianity. While acknowledging dissimilarities between their own Christian and Zen contemplative tradition and other religions, they begin to creatively integrate some apparently contrasting dimensions, challenging conceptual and religious biases in spiritual theologies, practices, and dialogue.
Contemplative Stance: Discerning the Way Forward as Humanity Transitions from a Domination Paradigm to a Communion Paradigm as Articulated by Beatrice Bruteau
(2013-12-19) Bist, Candice Jardine ; Schner, Joseph ; Pastoral
The thesis is written in response to difficulties observed in ministry where those inside and outside the formal Christian church struggle to find meaning and value in their lives in the Western context at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Chapter One examines the thought of Beatrice Bruteau, concluding that humanity must take an active part in the current shift in consciousness from understanding the self as separate, to seeing the self as part of the web of life that involves others, the cosmos, and the sacred spirit. Chapter Two examines contemplative stance, the posture held in the practice of spiritual direction, offering it as a valuable component in this shift of consciousness. Chapter Three looks at four community initiatives practicing contemplative stance in rural communities. The Conclusion offers suggestions as to how contemplative stance might be practiced in the educational system and in religious centres of worship.
A Critique of Lay Ministry as Expressed in the Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Christifideles Laici
(2015) Daly, Shane Thomas; Attridge, Michael; Pastoral
This thesis critiques John Paul II’s theology of the laity in the mission and ministry of the Church as expressed in his most extensive and systematic reflection on the subject in the 1988 post-synodal apostolic exhortation Christifideles Laici. John Paul II’s theology of the laity represents a particular interpretation of the documents of the Second Vatican Council. His interpretation not only preserves the pre-conciliar two-states ecclesiology but expands it given his interpretation of secularity as an ontological characteristic of the laity. In this thesis I examine the foundations of this theological interpretation in John Paul II’s pre-papal text Sources of Renewal and how Christifideles Laici, while not dependent upon it remains in continuity with it. Three tropes: fidelity to the future, discipleship, and evangelisation are a backdrop against which this critique of John Paul II’s theology of the laity is examined and an alternative set of presuppositions to underpin ministry in the future is developed.
A Cultural Perspective for a Spiritual Ecumenism in Africa
(2023) Ibhakewanlan, John Okoria; Wood, Susan; Theology
The “union of all who believe in Christ” remains an ever-urgent call of the Second Vatican Council. While the Council advocates “whatever can promote the union of all who believe in Christ”, it seems the Church in Africa has not adequately taken a more specifically cultural perspective towards achieving the ecumenical unity sought by the Council. This thesis appreciates the fact that there has been much work done in Africa by way of institutional ecumenism. However, it questions the institutional approach as not going far enough in exploring the primary place of the cultural belief in spiritual agency among Africans. This research study offers an alternative by first evaluating some historical attempts by theologians in and on Africa to understand the African church through cultural frames of reference. It argues that what is further needed in the ecumenical project is a more culturally responsive approach. The study explores this alternative cultural approach and offers a specific spiritual dimension termed Costheanthropism (which refers to the anthropocentric, theocentric and environmental/cosmic realms in a unity of relationship) as a contribution towards ecumenism.
"Die Unvordenklichkeit der Liebe": Hans Urs von Balthasar's Dionysian Response to German Phenomenology
(2020) Grodecki, Christopher; Goulding, Gill; Theology
This thesis argues that Hans Urs von Balthasar responds to Martin Heidegger’s philosophy by using the theological tradition associated with Pseudo-Dionysius and creates a theological discourse that is resonant with both the Catholic tradition and phenomenology. It first identifies particular themes in Balthasar’s theological discourse that reflect his appropriation of the philosophical language of Martin Heidegger. It then examines the way in which those themes in Heidegger are secularised versions of Meister Eckhart’s theological language. Elucidating the relationship between Eckhart and Heidegger provides fresh insight into Eckhart’s ambiguous place in Balthasar’s theology. By interpreting Meister Eckhart as a theologian in the Pseudo-Dionysian tradition, one comes to see that Balthasar’s apparently Heideggerian language is better understood as Eckhartian. The conceptual resonances between the three figures raise doubts about Heidegger’s attempt to separate philosophy and theology and raise new questions for on-going discussions concerning the relationship between phenomenology and Christian theology.
Discerning the Meaning of Being as Love: How Prayer Preserves Thought from Ideology according to Ferdinand Ulrich
(2020) Van Alstyne, Robert; Goulding, Gill; Theology
This thesis offers an interpretation of Ferdinand Ulrich’s metaphysical anthropology in order to argue that prayer helps preserve thought from ideology. Out of fear that the gift of being will be withheld, reason is tempted to cling to it by treating it as though it were a substance. Whenever thought proceeds from such hunger, attempting to mediate being dialectically, it inevitably falls into ideology. By praying, however, one receives being as a gift, realizing the existential truth of Aquinas’ teaching that being is a simple fullness precisely as nonsubsistent, a unity of wealth and poverty. By fostering the disposition of a kenotic freedom that gives itself away gratuitously, prayer enables thought to carry out its task of properly enacting the ontological difference between being and beings. As an alternative to dialectical mediation, Ulrich thus proposes a prayerful thinking as thanking for being as God’s gift of love.
THE ECO-THEOLOGIES OF THOMAS BERRY AND JOHN ZIZIOULAS: INTIMATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE
(2012-12-19) Otu, Idara ; Skira, Jaroslav Z. ; Theology
The contemporary ecological crisis is the most inexhaustive anthropogenic catastrophe in human civilization yet, with its adverse waves sweeping across the globe, even to generations unborn. The earth crisis has prompted theological discourses from diverse faith traditions on the religious responsibility to preserve ecological integrity. This exigency to protect and care for creation is increasingly inevitable and religion has an indispensable responsibility in unison with societal institutions to foster a collaborative dialogue towards an authentic resolution. Within Christendom, there is a dire need for a continuous and mutual engagement of eco-theological paradigms, at the level of both orthodoxy and orthopraxis, for the enhancement of an ongoing renewal of Christian ecological responsibility. Accordingly, given the Christian responsibility of protecting and caring for creation as a common patrimony of all humanity, this thesis will compare and contrast the functional cosmology of Thomas Berry with the creation theology of John Zizioulas in order to draw seminal theological insights suitable for the ecological justice mission of the Church. This academic research will argue that amidst the vicissitudes of human-induced ecological devastations, the eco-theological motifs of Berry and Zizioulas are significant in the ongoing search for renewing the theological dynamics of the Church’s mission for ecological justice.
Egyptian Revolution January 25th, 2011 A Sign of Hope: Reading of the Revolution through the Hermeneutics of Liberation Theology.
(2021) Tawadraus, Mario Boulos Guindi; Dias, Darren; Theology
After ten years it has become important to focus on the Egyptian Revolution, which occurred on January 25, 2011 and the connections to liberation theology. This analysis addresses aspects of the Egyptian political and social context, including the reasons for the January 25, 2011 revolution. In addition, it examines the thoughts of Gustavo Gutiérrez and other liberation theologians, and how these can be applied to the Egyptian context. This thesis is a theological analysis of an historical event. It aims to explore how this revolution reflects the principal elements of liberation theology, the conscientization of the people, and the liberation rather than the development of people in the Global South and the Kingdom of God and how these oppose the Anti-Kingdom. This paper describes the struggle of the Egyptian people against the sinful structure of society and their hope to establish God's Kingdom, an ideal society, in modern Egypt.
Emmanuel Lévinas’ Transcendental Ethics as a Support for Liberation Theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez in the Promotion of Solidarity with the Poor
(2023) Luc, Pierre Edward; Dias, Darren; Theology
This thesis demonstrates how the transcendental ethics of Emmanuel Lévinas can deepen our understanding of what Gustavo Gutiérrez describes as solidarity with the poor. The first chapter explores Gutiérrez's approach to solidarity with the poor as a way of responding to God's gracious love and participating in the transformation of the lives of the poor. The second chapter presents Lévinas's transcendental ethics and his position by putting ethics as the first philosophy. Lévinas focuses on the face of the other, which calls forth and commands the "I". The third chapter draws on Alain Mayama`s work, which engages Lévinas in a dialogue with liberation theologians. This chapter compares Gutiérrez's and Lévinas's thoughts on the authority of those who suffer, and their respective positions on solidarity with the poor. The thesis concludes with an invitation to promote solidarity with the poor as a contribution to the realization of the Kingdom of God.

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