Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://hdl.handle.net/1807/67559
Published since 1974, this monthly publication covers all aspects of civil engineering.
Below is a collection of manuscripts accepted for publication in CJCE. These manuscripts have not undergone copy editing or page composition.
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Below is a collection of manuscripts accepted for publication in CJCE. These manuscripts have not undergone copy editing or page composition.
By using TSpace for its journal article repository, CSP grants University of Toronto Libraries a universal non-exclusive license to distribute and preserve all content that CSP deposits in the repository. Copyright of all articles in CSP journals remains with the authors, or the authors' organization, unless specified otherwise, TSpace users must follow the usage rights set out on CSP's web site. Refer to CSP's License to Publish Forms for information on current licensing.
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Item Open Access 2D and 3D Numerical Modelling of Exposed Steel Base Plate Connections under Cyclic Loading(Canadian Science Publishing, 2022-03-31) Singh, Gursarbjot; Woods, JoshuaThe degree of fixity at the base of steel gravity columns with exposed base plate connections is often assumed in analysis and design. However, past experiments have shown these connections do provide lateral stiffness and strength that could contribute to the load carrying capacity of a structure. The goal of this study is to develop a numerical modelling approach for exposed steel base plate connections that can capture their nonlinear cyclic behaviour, including their stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation capacity. Two modelling approaches are proposed, one that is suitable for detailed study of connection behaviour and another comparatively simple approach that can be used in nonlinear time-history analysis of a structure. Results from the two methodologies are compared with experimental data from the literature and the results show that both approaches can capture the nonlinear cyclic response of the studied connections. Limitations of the proposed modelling approach are also discussed.Item Open Access 3D ergonomics-based motion-level productivity analysis for intelligent manufacturing in industrialized construction(Canadian Science Publishing, 2022-08-08) Wang, Jingwen; Mohamed, Yomna; Han, Sang Hyeok; Li, Xinming; Al-Hussein, MohamedIn industrialized construction, accurate estimations of labour productivity and associated cycle times of repetitive operations are crucial for reliable production planning and scheduling. However, the reliability of the standardized productivity and cycle time analyses is hindered by their dependence on various factors that change with the increasing complexity of the working environment, as well as by inherent challenges involved in acquiring accurate measurements. Thus, this study proposes an automated 3D ergonomics-based motion-level productivity analysis method for intelligent manufacturing in industrialized construction that combines an existing predetermined motion time system with ergonomic risk assessments and 3D modelling techniques. The actual and simulated cycle times and ergonomic risks of preliminary cases in the experiment are analyzed to demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the proposed method. The proposed method can be implemented to improve occupational safety, increase the reliability of planning and scheduling, and boost the overall productivity of industrialized construction.Item Open Access 4D-based Automation of Heavy Lift Planning in Industrial Construction Projects(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-07-18) Han, Sang Hyeok; Lei, Zhen; Hermann, Ulrich; Bouferguene, Ahmed; Al-Hussein, MohamedIn northern Canada, due to the harsh weather and high labor cost, contractors prefer to using modular construction approach to complete heavy industrial projects, where mobile crane are used for onsite module installations. In current practice, module lifts are often planned manually by rigging engineers. With a large number of heavy lifts to be analyzed per project, the planning process is tedious and error-prone. This paper represents a data-driven crane management system with three features: (1) identification of design errors in lifting planning; (2) responses to design changes; and (3) dynamic 3D trajectory-based lifting visualization. It covers two types of crane operations: pick from a fixed location (PFL), and pick and walking operation (PWO). This developed system helps reduce lifting time and improves safety and quality, where various lifting scenarios need to be analyzed. The system has been implemented at a collaborator company for demonstration and validation.Item Open Access A CASE FOR ADDING AN INSPECTION LEVEL RELATED TO SHM FOR BRIDGE EVALUATION(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-12-11) Mufti, Aftab; Raeisi, Farnaz; Khalid, Huma; Horosko, Andy; Bakht, BaidarThe Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) uses the concept of a target reliability index for evaluating the load carrying capacity of existing bridges. This index, which is based on risk to human life, relates to three aspects of uncertainties inherent in a bridge; (a) element behaviour, (b) system behavior, and (c) inspection level, where the inspection level currently refers to only manual inspections. Citing examples of tests on many instrumented bridges, the paper proposes an additional inspection level for inspections done with the help of electronic instruments and tests under controlled vehicle loads. The paper proposes simple additions to clauses of the CHBDC, for use when determining the optimum load carrying capacities of existing bridges where structural health monitoring (SHM) information is available.Item Open Access A case study of combined winter road snow plowing and de-icer spreading(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-09-13) Quirion-Blais, Olivier; Langevin, André; Trépanier, MartinIn this article, we address a winter maintenance problem where the streets need to be plowed and gritted in a sequence that depends on the class of the road. The maintenance fleet includes vehicles equipped for plowing, some for spreading, and some for both at once. The objective is to complete the operations as rapidly as possible while considering street hierarchy, turn restrictions, heterogeneous speeds, and street–vehicle compatibility. An adaptive large neighborhood search framework is developed to solve the problem. Analysis of the results obtained can provide both a good basis for vehicle routing and help managers plan long-term policies and investments.Item Open Access A comparative study of floor accelerations of different structural systems with lead-rubber-bearing (LRB) isolators(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-04-19) zuygur, Ali RuziSeismic base isolation has been successfully used to protect structural and nonstructural components from the damaging effects of earthquakes by reducing floor accelerations and inter-story drifts for decades. The level of floor acceleration is a key issue in the protection of acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components. In this paper, floor acceleration performance of seismically isolated buildings with different lateral load resisting systems such as moment resisting frame, dual system, moment resisting frame plus viscous wall dampers and dual system plus viscous wall dampers is investigated. Moreover, the effectiveness of supplemental viscous damping devices equipped in parallel with lead-rubber isolators is studied. It is inferred from the study that the most effective way of reducing floor accelerations is to provide more rigidity to the superstructure. Utilizing supplemental viscous dampers along with lead-rubber isolators having about 20% of effective damping ratio is meaningless or harmful in relation to floor acceleration and base shear.Item Open Access A Comparison between Agent-Based and GIS-Based Tsunami Evacuation Simulations: A Case Study for Tofino, BC(Canadian Science Publishing, 2021-06-02) Kim, Joseph; Takabatake, Tomoyuki; NISTOR, Ioan; Shibayama, TomoyaSoft measures such as evacuation planning are recommended to mitigate the loss of life during tsunamis. Two types of evacuation models are widely used: (1) Agent-based modelling (ABM) defines sets of rules that individual agents in a simulation follow during a simulated evacuation. (2) Geographical information systems (GIS) are more accessible to city planners, but cannot incorporate the dynamic behaviours found in ABMs. The two evacuation modelling methodologies were compared through a case study by assessing the state of evacuation preparedness and investigating potential mitigation options. The two models showed different magnitudes for mortality rates and facility demand but had similar trends. Both models agreed on the best solution to reduce the loss of life for the community. GIS may serve as a useful tool for initial investigation or as a validation tool for ABMs. ABMs are recommended for use when modelling evacuation until GIS methodologies are further developed.Item Open Access A COMPARISON OF PROJECT DELIVERY METHOD PERFORMANCE FOR WATER INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL PROJECTS(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-05-14) Feghaly, Jeffrey; El Asmar, Mounir; Ariaratnam, Samuel TWater and wastewater infrastructure globally is aging and in need of rehabilitation and replacement. Design-bid-build (DBB) is the traditional method of project delivery widely applied across the construction industry. However, alternative project delivery methods (APDM) such as construction manager at risk (CMAR) and design-build (DB) are on the rise demonstrating project delivery performance benefits. The research objective is to assess the impact of APDM specifically for the water and wastewater industry. A comprehensive list of performance metrics were identified from the literature and through an industry expert workshop. Information on 75 water and wastewater treatment plant projects using DBB, CMAR, and DB was collected. Quantitative data analysis revealed that DB statistically outperformed DBB in terms of project speed and intensity. This study contributed to the existing body of knowledge by showing that treatment plants can be delivered significantly faster and with greater quality for no additional cost by using APDM.Item Open Access A comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow structures over artificial pool-riffle sequences(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-07-30) Fazel Najafabadi, Elham; Afzalimehr, Hossein; Sui, JueyiExperiments have been carried out in a flume with one 2D pool-riffle sequence and one 3D pool-riffle sequence, respectively. Objectives of this study are to determine whether or not the convergence of lateral flow exists. Variations of the near-bed shear stress have been studied. The characteristics of the secondary currents along a pool-riffle sequence have been investigated. Results showed that for the 3D pool riffle sequence, the near-bed velocity decreases along convective deceleration flow (CDF) and increases convective acceleration flow (CAF), respectively. It is found that the shear velocities estimated from the slope of the velocity gradient in the inner layer, decreases in the CDF section, and increases in the CAF section in the 3D pool riffle sequences. The Reynolds shear stress is highest at the CDF section along longitudinal lines with distances of 10 cm and 20 cm away from the channel wall.Item Open Access A comparison of waste leaching determination methods in the context of dewatered oil sands fine tailings(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-11-21) Utting, Nicholas; McMullen, Craig; Morin, Michelle; Muoz, PamelaLeaching tests are an important component in assessing the potential of contaminants to leach from waste materials to the environment. Numerous leaching test protocols have been developed for different applications. In this study, we compare four different methods in the context of assessing leaching of inorganic ions from oil sands tailings. The four methods compared were: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure; ASTM D6234; ASTM D3987; and what we refer to as the Deionized method (modified from Syncrude Analytical Aqueous Extraction of Oil Sand Method 1.7). It was found that the EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure generally resulted in the highest ion concentrations. The EPA method had statistically different results for three of the four tailings mixes when compared with the other three leaching methods. For Mo and Ti the EPA method always resulted in the lowest concentrations compared with the other methods, and As, Tl, and Pb sometimes resulted in the lowest concentrations. The other three leaching protocols resulted in similar dissolved ion concentrations.Item Open Access A Fibre-Based Modelling Technique for the Seismic Analysis of Steel-Concrete Composite Shear Walls(Canadian Science Publishing, 2021-09-16) Emrani, Seyed MohammadReza; Epackachi, Siamak; Tehrani, Payam; Imanpour, AliSteel-concrete composite shear wall offers a favourable lateral strength and deformation ductility for seismic applications while significantly shortening the project schedule through eliminating the use of formworks and taking advantage of modular construction methodology. This paper presents a fibre-based modelling technique for simulation of the cyclic nonlinear response of composite walls by taking advantage of existing reinforced concrete and steel plate shear wall models. The improved modelling technique for cyclic analysis of composite walls that benefits from the macro models available for steel and concrete shear walls is introduced. The model is validated using experimental test data from 20 wall specimens. A sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the influence of various geometrical and material properties using the proposed modelling technique. A step-by-step modelling recommendation is finally proposed. The results show that the proposed modelling technique can efficiently be used to reproduce the nonlinear cyclic response of composite walls.Item Open Access A framework for Building Information Modeling implementation in engineering education(Canadian Science Publishing, 2018-06-22) Boton, Conrad; Forgues, Daniel; Halin, GillesUniversities are facing many challenges to their efforts to introduce Building Information Modeling (BIM) in engineering education. Many research efforts have been dedicated to the subject and addressed some specific aspects of the issue. Thus, there is no comprehensive framework to provide decision makers with practical and neutral guidelines. The framework proposed in this paper identifies the main challenges to address. A case study from a Canadian engineering school is used to evaluate and to validate the proposed framework, and to illustrate the challenges. The strategy of integrating BIM in engineering education should be based on the specific skills the students are expected to acquire. It is then possible to define the appropriate teaching approaches. An effective implementation strategy should be gradual in order to progressively raise community awareness, learn from mistakes and identify best practices. A particular emphasis should be placed on the needs of the local industry.Item Open Access A Framework for Total Productivity Measurement of Industrial Construction Projects(Canadian Science Publishing, 2018-09-02) Ayele, Selam; Robinson Fayek, AminahProductivity measurement is a concern for both construction practitioners and researchers. In construction, productivity can be measured at three levels: activity, project, and industry. At the project level, previous studies focused on measuring the productivity of specific activities. In addition, existing project-level productivity metrics do not consider the effect of all resources used in a project. In order to effectively assess overall project performance, the productivity of all project activities and resources used must be taken into account. This study presents a framework that takes into consideration all resources used in a project and proposes a metric for measuring the total productivity of construction projects. A focus group session with experts, followed by questionnaire surveys, were used to assess the applicability of the framework. This paper makes a contribution by providing researchers and practitioners with a framework and tools for data collection and analysis of total construction project productivity.Item Open Access A framework for value visualization in the construction industry to support value-oriented design(Canadian Science Publishing, 2019-08-13) BuHamdan, Samer; Alwisy, Aladdin; Bouferguene, Ahmed; Al-Hussein, MohamedThe research in value-oriented design reports the importance of displaying the interdependencies between product components and stakeholders’ values, where it argues that the display of interdependencies is indispensable for the optimal decision-making and for the success of the value-oriented design. However, applications for value visualization in the construction industry lack one or both of the following: (1) the support for multi-value assessment and visualization and (2) the ability to visualize value(s) over time. These two shortcomings hinder the construction industry from fully embracing sustainable value-oriented design. Hence, this paper proposes a visualization framework to bridge the gap in the practice of value visualization regarding (i) the number of visualized values and (ii) time-based multiple-value visualization. The paper also contains a case study that utilizes a condominium building to show the implementation of the proposed framework and demonstrate how results can be interpreted and utilized in the design process.Item Open Access A Framework to Assess the Costs and Benefits of Advanced Work Packaging in Industrial Construction(Canadian Science Publishing, 2018-08-23) Halala, Yonas Samuel; Robinson Fayek, AminahThe term advanced work packaging (AWP), coined by the Construction Industry Institute (CII), refers to a disciplined process for project planning and execution; it was developed to address challenges such as cost and schedule overruns in the industrial construction sector. Case studies conducted on AWP report a number of benefits in the areas of productivity, cost, safety, and schedule. However, since there is no clear method to assess the costs and benefits of AWP implementation, a significant challenge in AWP adoption is the lack of quantitative evidence to support these reported benefits. This paper presents a structured framework to assess multiple aspects of AWP implementation, which will enable the quantification of both its costs and benefits. The framework will enable the future comparison of AWP and non-AWP projects. This paper contributes to the industrial construction sector by providing a framework to assess AWP implementation in practice.Item Open Access A Geostatistical Approach to Winter Road Surface Condition Estimation using Mobile RWIS Data(Canadian Science Publishing, 2018-11-10) Gu, Lian; Kwon, Tae J.; Qiu, Tony Z.In winter, it is critical for cold regions to have a full understanding of the spatial variation of road surface conditions such that hot spots (e.g., black-ice) can be identified for the effective mobilization of winter road maintenance operations. Acknowledging the limitations in present study, this paper proposes a systematic framework to estimate road surface temperature (RST) via the geographic information system (GIS). The proposed method uses a robust regression kriging method to take account for various geographical factors that may affect the variation of RST. A case study of highway segments in Alberta, Canada is used to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the method proposed herein. The findings of this study suggest that the geostatistical modelling framework proposed in this paper can accurately estimate RST with help of various covariates included in the model and further promote the possibility of continuous monitoring and visualization of road surface conditions.Item Open Access A gradient based optimization procedure for finding axle weights in probabilistic bridge weigh-in-motion method(Canadian Science Publishing, 2020-04-19) Gonalves, Matheus Silva; Carraro, Felipe; Lopez, Rafael HoldorfBridge weight in motion (BWIM) consists in the use of sensors on bridges to assess the loads of passing vehicles. Probabilistic Bridge Weight in Motion (pBWIM) is an approach for solving the inverse problem of finding vehicle axle weights based on deformation information. The pBWIM approach uses a probabilistic influence line and seeks the most probable axle weights, given in-situ measurements. To compute such weights, the original pBWIM employed a grid search, which may lead to computational complexity, specially when applied to vehicles with high number of axles. Hence, this note presents an improved version of pBWIM, modifying how the most probable weights are sough. Here, a gradient based optimization procedure is proposed for replacing the computationally expensive grid-search of the original algorithm. The required gradients are fully derived and validated in numerical examples. The proposed modification is shown to highly decrease the computational complexity of the problem.Item Open Access A guided evaluation of the impact of research and development partnerships on university, industry, and government(Canadian Science Publishing, 2016-12-15) Daoud, Ahmed Osama; Tsehayae, Abraham Assefa; Robinson Fayek, AminahResearch and development (R&D) partnerships involve investigative activities that may result in new discoveries and innovations that are critical for the technological advancement of the engineering domain. While demonstrating the value of these partnerships is essential for encouraging investment, the engineering domain lacks a formal evaluation framework. In this paper, a methodology and framework for evaluating R&D partnerships is introduced. The effectiveness of the developed framework is tested using a case study that focuses on the role of the university within the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Industrial Research Chair program. Using correlation analysis, the activities and investment areas that lead to the desired outcomes for the university research are identified. By using the developed framework over time and applying it to different research programs and industries, key activities and investment areas can be established and improved R&D policies and implementation plans developed.Item Open Access A Hybrid Method for Short-term Freeway Travel Time Prediction Based on Wavelet Neural Network and Markov Chain(Canadian Science Publishing, 2017-09-12) Yang, Hang; Zou, Yajie; Wang, Zhongyu; Wu, BingShort-term travel time prediction is an essential input to Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Timely and accurate traffic forecasting is necessary for Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) and Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). Despite several short-term travel time prediction approaches have been proposed in the past decade, especially for hybrid models which consist of machine learning models and statistical models, few studies focus on the over-fitting problem brought by hybrid models. The over-fitting problem deteriorates the prediction accuracy especially during peak hours. This paper proposes a hybrid model which embraces Wavelet Neural Network, Markov Chain and the volatility model (WNN-MAR-VOA) for short-term travel time prediction in a freeway system. The purpose of this paper is to provide deeper insights into underlining dynamic traffic patterns and to improve the prediction accuracy and robustness. This method takes periodical analysis, error correction and noise extraction into consideration and improve the forecasting performance in peak hours. The proposed methodology predicts travel time by decomposing travel time data into three components: a periodic trend presented by a modified Wavelet Neural Network (WNN), a residual part modeled by Markov Chain, and the volatility part estimated by the modified generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GJR-GARCH) model. Forecasting performance is investigated with freeway travel time data from Houston, Texas and examined by three measures: mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The results show that the travel times predicted by the WNN-MAR-VOA method are robust and accurate. Meanwhile, the proposed method is able to capture the underlying periodic characteristics and volatility nature of travel time dataItem Open Access A laboratory method for the visualization and quantification of hyporheic flow paths and velocities(Canadian Science Publishing, 2018-10-30) Fruetel, Christopher; Mumford, Kevin G.; Ferreira da Silva, Ana Maria; Rey, Alexander; Bascom, Kerri S.Hyporheic flow, the flow of water through the permeable material immediately surrounding a river, is important for nutrient cycling, dissolved oxygen transport and contaminant transport. In addition, there is recent concern regarding the role of hyporheic flow on the contamination of rivers following oil spills. To better understand hyporheic flow paths and velocities, it is important to measure hyporheic flow at high spatial and temporal resolution. A practical method to measure hyporheic flow in a laboratory flume based on dye injection, digital images and moment analysis was developed. An experiment conducted using a single gravel bar demonstrated good agreement between observations and estimates based on image processing. The measured hyporheic flow field showed upstream and downstream flow that discharged downstream of the bar top, the presence of a flow divide and flow stagnation, and hyporheic flow velocities indicative of turbulent flow for which Darcyâ s law is not applicable.